[雙語(yǔ)新聞]日本地震使地球自轉(zhuǎn)加快1.8微秒

The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the

world's fifth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the USGS.

The massive earthquake that struck northeast Japan Friday (March 11) has shortened the length of Earth's day by a fraction and shifted how the planet's mass is distributed.

A new analysis of the 8.9-magnitude earthquake in Japan has found that the intense temblor has accelerated Earth's spin, shortening the length of the 24-hour day by 1.8 microseconds, according to geophysicist Richard Gross at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.

Gross refined his estimates of the Japan quake's impact – which previously suggested a 1.6-microsecond shortening of the day – based on new data on how much the fault that triggered the earthquake slipped to redistribute the planet's mass. A microsecond is a millionth of a second.

"By changing the distribution of the Earth's mass, the Japanese earthquake should have caused the Earth to rotate a bit faster, shortening the length of the day by about 1.8 microseconds," Gross told SPACE.com in an e-mail. More refinements are possible as new information on the earthquake comes to light, he added.

The scenario is similar to that of a figure skater drawing her arms inward during a spin to turn faster on the ice. The closer the mass shift during an earthquake is to the equator, the more it will speed up the spinning Earth.

One Earth day is about 24 hours, or 86,400 seconds, long. Over the course of a year, its length varies by about one millisecond, or 1,000 microseconds, due to seasonal variations in the planet's mass distribution such as the seasonal shift of the jet stream.

The initial data suggests Friday's earthquake moved Japan's main island about 8 feet, according to Kenneth Hudnut of the U.S. Geological Survey. The earthquake also shifted Earth's figure axis by about 6 1/2 inches (17 centimeters), Gross added.

The Earth's figure axis is not the same as its north-south axis in space, which it spins around once every day at a speed of about 1,000 mph (1,604 kph). The figure axis is the axis around which the Earth's mass is balanced and the north-south axis by about 33 feet (10 meters).

"This shift in the position of the figure axis will cause the Earth to wobble a bit differently as it rotates, but will not cause a shift of the Earth's axis in space – only external forces like the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon, and planets can do that," Gross said.

The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the world's fifth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the USGS. It struck offshore about 231 miles (373 kilometers) northeast of Tokyo and 80 miles (130 km) east of the city of Sendai, and created a massive tsunami that has devastated Japan's northeastern coastal areas. At least 20 aftershocks registering a 6.0 magnitude or higher have followed the main temblor.

上周五（3月11日）襲擊日本東北部的巨大地震使地球每日時(shí)長(zhǎng)略有縮短，還改變了全球的質(zhì)量分布。

據(jù)美國(guó)宇航局噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的地球物理學(xué)家理查德•格羅斯說(shuō)，對(duì)日本發(fā)生的這次8.9級(jí)大地震的新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，劇烈的地震使地球自轉(zhuǎn)速度加快，使原本24小時(shí)的一天縮短了1.8微秒。該實(shí)驗(yàn)室位于加州的帕薩迪納市。

根據(jù)引發(fā)地震的斷層所發(fā)生的位移的新數(shù)據(jù)，格羅斯修正了他先前對(duì)日本地震影響的估計(jì)，他原先認(rèn)為地球日長(zhǎng)縮短了1.6微秒。1微秒就是一百萬(wàn)分之一秒。斷層位移將使地球質(zhì)量分布發(fā)生變化。

格羅斯在電子郵件中告訴SPACE.com網(wǎng)站說(shuō)，“通過(guò)改變地球質(zhì)量的分布，日本地震將使地球自轉(zhuǎn)加快，使每日時(shí)長(zhǎng)縮短約1.8微秒。”他說(shuō)，在有關(guān)地震的更多新信息發(fā)布之后，可能還會(huì)進(jìn)行更多修正。

這一情景就像花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員在冰上旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，為了讓自己旋轉(zhuǎn)得更快，她會(huì)將手臂內(nèi)曲。在地震中，地球質(zhì)量移動(dòng)得離赤道越近，地球轉(zhuǎn)速就越快。

地球上的一天是24小時(shí)，或8.64萬(wàn)秒。在一年中，由于地球質(zhì)量分布產(chǎn)生的季節(jié)性變動(dòng)，例如高空急流產(chǎn)生的季節(jié)性變動(dòng)，地球日長(zhǎng)會(huì)發(fā)生約1毫秒（1000微秒）的差值。

據(jù)美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局的肯尼斯•哈得納特稱，最初的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，上周五的大地震使日本主島發(fā)生了約8英尺的位移。格羅斯還說(shuō)，這次地震使地軸偏移約6.5英寸（合17厘米）。

地軸不同于空間里的南北軸線。地軸每天圍繞南北軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)一次，轉(zhuǎn)速約為1000英里/時(shí)（合1604千米/時(shí)）。地軸是地球質(zhì)量平衡的軸線，偏離南北軸線約33英尺（10米）。

格羅斯說(shuō)：“地軸位置的偏移將導(dǎo)致地球在旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中的搖擺有些不同，但不會(huì)導(dǎo)致地球軸心在空間中發(fā)生位移。只有外部作用力，例如太陽(yáng)、月球和行星產(chǎn)生的引力才能使地球軸心發(fā)生位移。”

根據(jù)美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局，3月11日大地震是日本有史以來(lái)最大的地震，也是1900年以來(lái)全球五大地震之一。地震發(fā)生在距東京東北部231英里（373千米）、仙臺(tái)市以東80英里（130千米）的近海處，引發(fā)的巨大海嘯摧毀了日本東北部的沿海地區(qū)。在主震過(guò)后，至少又發(fā)生了20次6級(jí)以上的余震。