演講MP3+雙語文稿:幾個漁村如何引發(fā)海洋保護革命

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【演講人及介紹】Alasdair Harris

海洋保護主義者，企業(yè)家

TED研究員Alasdair Harris是一位社會企業(yè)家和海洋保護主義者，致力于海洋保護和減輕貧困的工作。

【演講主題】幾個漁村如何引發(fā)海洋保護革命

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者 Nan Yang 校對 Jiasi Hao

00:12

I'm a marine biologist here to talk to youabout the crisis in our oceans, but this time perhaps not with a message you'veheard before, because I want to tell you that if the survival of the oceansdepended only on people like me, scientists trading in publications, we'd be ineven worse trouble than we are. Because, as a scientist, the most importantthings that I've learned about keeping our oceans healthy and productive havecome not from academia, but from fishermen and women living in some of the poorestcountries on earth. I've learned that as a conservationist, the most importantquestion is not, "How do we keep people out?" but rather, "Howdo we make sure that coastal people throughout the world have enough toeat?" Our oceans are every bit as critical to our own survival as ouratmosphere, our forests or our soils. Their staggering productivity ranksfisheries with farming as a mainstay of food production for humanity.

我是一個海洋生物學(xué)家，在這里想與你們談?wù)勎覀兊暮Ｑ笪C，我這次帶來的大概不是你們以前聽到過的東西，因為我想告訴你們，如果海洋的幸存僅僅依靠像我這樣與論文打交道的科學(xué)家們，我們將比現(xiàn)在面臨更大的麻煩。因為，作為一個科學(xué)家，我學(xué)到的有關(guān)保持我們海洋健康和富饒的最重要的事情，并不是來自于學(xué)術(shù)界，而是來自于那些生活在地球上一些最貧窮國家的漁民。作為環(huán)保主義者，我了解到最重要的問題不是“我們?nèi)绾巫屓诉h離海洋？”而是，“我們?nèi)绾未_保世界各地的沿海居民有足夠的食物？”我們的海洋對我們的生存至關(guān)重要，就像大氣層、森林和土壤一樣。海洋驚人的生產(chǎn)力使?jié)O業(yè)與農(nóng)業(yè)一起成為人類糧食生產(chǎn)的支柱。

01:17

Yet something's gone badly wrong. We'reaccelerating into an extinction emergency, one that my field has so far failedabysmally to tackle. At its core is a very human and humanitarian crisis.

然而一些事情出了大問題。我們正在加速進入生物滅絕的緊急狀態(tài)，那是目前為止我的研究領(lǐng)域絲毫沒能解決的問題。其核心是非常人類以及人道主義的危機。

01:33

The most devastating blow we've so fardealt our oceans is through overfishing. Every year, we fish harder, deeper,further afield. Every year, we chase ever fewer fish. Yet the crisis ofoverfishing is a great paradox: unnecessary, avoidable and entirely reversible,because fisheries are one of the most productive resources on the planet. Withthe right strategies, we can reverse overfishing. That we've not yet done sois, to my mind, one of humanity's greatest failures.

迄今為止，我們對海洋最破壞性的打擊是過度捕撈。每年，我們都駛向更深更遠的地方，花更多精力捕撈。但是每年，我們追捕的魚都在減少。然而過度捕撈的危機是一個巨大的悖論：它是不必要，可避免，完全可逆的，因為漁業(yè)是地球上生產(chǎn)力最高的資源之一。有了正確的策略，我們可以扭轉(zhuǎn)過度捕撈的狀況。但在我看來，我們尚未完成目標(biāo)，這是人類最大的失敗之一。

02:07

Nowhere is this failure more apparent thanin the warm waters on either side of our equator. Our tropics are home to mostof the species in our ocean, most of the people whose existence depends on ourseas. We call these coastal fishermen and women "small-scalefishers," but "small-scale" is a misnomer for a fleet comprisingover 90 percent of the world's fishermen and women. Their fishing is generallymore selective and sustainable than the indiscriminate destruction too oftenwrought by bigger industrial boats. These coastal people have the most to gainfrom conservation because, for many of them, fishing is all that keeps themfrom poverty, hunger or forced migration, in countries where the state is oftenunable to help. We know that the outlook is grim: stocks collapsing on thefront lines of climate change, warming seas, dying reefs, catastrophic storms,trawlers, factory fleets, rapacious ships from richer countries taking morethan their share. Extreme vulnerability is the new normal.

這種失敗沒有任何地方比在赤道兩側(cè)的溫暖水域更明顯。我們的熱帶地區(qū)是海洋中大多數(shù)物種的棲息地，大多數(shù)人的生存依賴于我們的海洋。我們把這些沿海居住的漁民稱作“小型漁民”，但是對于囊括地球上90% 漁民的“小型漁民”隊伍來說，“小型”是一個誤稱。他們的打撈一般比那些經(jīng)常進行肆意捕撈的、更大型的工業(yè)大船更具選擇性和可持續(xù)性。這些沿海居民從海洋保護中獲取的利益最多，因為對于他們中的很多人，他們所在的國家無力幫助他們，而捕魚是使他們擺脫貧困，饑餓或被迫遷徙的唯一方式。我們知道前景是嚴(yán)峻的：由于氣候變化，出現(xiàn)了海洋變暖、垂死的珊瑚礁，災(zāi)難性風(fēng)暴，海洋種群儲備瀕臨崩潰；拖網(wǎng)漁船，工廠船隊，和富裕國家的貪婪船只拿走了更多的份額。海洋的極度脆弱成為了新的常態(tài)。

03:17

I first landed on the island of Madagascartwo decades ago, on a mission to document its marine natural history. I wasmesmerized by the coral reefs I explored, and certain I knew how to protectthem, because science provided all the answers: close areas of the reefpermanently. Coastal fishers simply needed to fish less. I approached eldershere in the village of Andavadoaka and recommended that they close off thehealthiest and most diverse coral reefs to all forms of fishing to form arefuge to help stocks recover because, as the science tells us, after five orso years, fish populations inside those refuges would be much bigger,replenishing the fished areas outside, making everybody better off.

我在二十年前肩負(fù)著記錄海洋自然歷史的任務(wù)，第一次登上了馬達加斯加島。我被探索到的珊瑚礁迷住了，而且我當(dāng)然知道如何保護它們，因為科學(xué)為我們提供了所有答案：就是永久關(guān)閉珊瑚礁周圍的區(qū)域。沿海漁民只需要減少捕魚。我找到在安達瓦多卡村的長者，并建議他們在所有形式的捕魚中都將最健康、最多樣化珊瑚礁生存的區(qū)域封閉，以形成一種庇護所，幫助種群進行恢復(fù)，因為，正如科學(xué)家告訴我們的，在大約五年后，在這些避難所的魚類數(shù)量會變得更多，來補充避難所外的捕漁區(qū)，能使大家都從中獲益。

04:03

That conversation didn't go so well.

但是與村民的談話進行得并不好。

04:06

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04:07

Three-quarters of Madagascar's 27 millionpeople live on less than two dollars a day. My earnest appeal to fish less tookno account of what that might actually mean for people who depend on fishingfor survival. It was just another squeeze from outside, a restriction ratherthan a solution. What does protecting a long list of Latin species names meanto Resaxx, a woman from Andavadoaka who fishes every day to put food on thetable and send her grandchildren to school? That initial rejection taught methat conservation is, at its core, a journey in listening deeply, to understandthe pressures and realities that communities face through their dependence onnature. This idea became the founding principle for my work and grew into an organizationthat brought a new approach to ocean conservation by working to rebuildfisheries with coastal communities. Then, as now, the work started bylistening, and what we learned astonished us.

在馬達加斯加 2700 萬人口中，有四分之三的人每天的生活費不到 2 美元。我對減少捕魚的誠懇呼吁沒有考慮到這對于那些依靠捕魚為生的人們實際上可能意味著什么。這只是來自外界的另一種壓榨，一種限制，而不是解決方案。保護那一長串列表的拉丁名物種對于一位每天靠捕魚提供三餐，供她孫子上學(xué)的安達瓦多卡婦女拉薩西意味著什么？最初的拒絕教會了我，海洋保護的核心是深入傾聽的旅程，來了解社區(qū)因?qū)ψ匀坏囊蕾嚩媾R的壓力和現(xiàn)實。這個想法成為了我項目的創(chuàng)立原則，然后它成長為了一個組織，帶來了海洋保護新方法：努力重建漁業(yè)與沿海社區(qū)。然后，像現(xiàn)在這樣，我們的工作開始于傾聽，而我們學(xué)習(xí)到的東西令我們驚訝。

05:11

Back in the dry south of Madagascar, welearned that one species was immensely important for villagers: this remarkableoctopus. We learned that soaring demand was depleting an economic lifeline. Butwe also learned that this animal grows astonishingly fast, doubling in weightevery one or two months. We reasoned that protecting just a small area offishing ground for just a few months might lead to dramatic increases incatches, enough to make a difference to this community's bottom line in a timeframe that might just be acceptable. The community thought so too, opting toclose a small area of reef to octopus fishing temporarily, using a customarysocial code, invoking blessings from the ancestors to prevent poaching. Whenthat reef reopened to fishing six months later, none of us were prepared forwhat happened next. Catches soared, with men and women landing more and biggeroctopus than anyone had seen for years. Neighboring villages saw the fishingboom and drew up their own closures, spreading the model virally along hundredsof miles of coastline. When we ran the numbers, we saw that these communities,among the poorest on earth, had found a way to double their money in a matterof months, by fishing less. Imagine a savings account from which you withdrawhalf your balance every year and your savings keep growing. There is noinvestment opportunity on earth that can reliably deliver what fisheries can.

回到馬達加斯加干旱的南部，我們了解到了一個物種對于村民極為重要：這種非凡的章魚。我們意識到，不斷增長的需求正在耗盡經(jīng)濟命脈。但是我們也知道這種生物生長得特別快，每一或兩個月體重就能倍增。我們有理由認(rèn)為，利用僅僅幾個月時間保護一小塊漁場就可能導(dǎo)致捕獲量急劇增加，足以在可接受的時間范圍內(nèi)改變該社區(qū)的關(guān)鍵問題。社區(qū)也是這樣認(rèn)為，選擇暫時關(guān)閉針對章魚捕撈的小范圍珊瑚礁，使用合乎習(xí)俗的的社會法規(guī)，祈求祖先的祝福以防止偷捕。當(dāng)珊瑚礁區(qū)域在六個月后重新開放捕魚時，我們中沒有人對接下來發(fā)生的事情做好了心理準(zhǔn)備。捕獲量猛增，大家捕獲的章魚數(shù)量和個頭比多年來任何人看見的都多，都大。附近的村莊看見了這里的漁業(yè)繁榮，也自行進行了關(guān)閉，在數(shù)百英里的海岸線上這種模式病毒似地傳播開了。當(dāng)我們計算了數(shù)字后，我們看到這些地球上最貧窮的社區(qū)，已經(jīng)找到了一種方法，在短短幾個月內(nèi)，通過減少捕魚使收入翻了一番。想象一個儲蓄賬戶，你每年從里面取出一半的余額，而你的儲蓄還在繼續(xù)增長。地球上沒有其它投資機會可以像漁業(yè)一樣帶來這樣的回報。

06:44

But the real magic went beyond profit,because a far deeper transformation was happening in these communities. Spurredon by rising catches, leaders from Andavadoaka joined force with two dozenneighboring communities to establish a vast conservation area along dozens ofmiles of coastline. They outlawed fishing with poison and mosquito nets and setaside permanent refuges around threatened coral reefs and mangroves, including,to my astonishment, those same sights that I'd flagged just two years earlierwhen my evangelism for marine protection was so roundly rejected. They createda community-led protected area, a democratic system for local marine governancethat was totally unimaginable just a few years earlier.

但是真正的魔法超越了這種利益，因為一種更深遠的轉(zhuǎn)變正發(fā)生在這些社區(qū)里。在捕獲量上升的刺激下，來自安達瓦多卡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人與二十幾個毗鄰社區(qū)聯(lián)合，在數(shù)十英里的海岸線上建立了廣闊的保護區(qū)。他們禁止毒藥和蚊帳捕魚的使用，在受威脅的珊瑚礁和紅樹林周圍設(shè)立永久的庇護所，另我驚訝的是，也包括了兩年前在我的海洋保護宣傳被徹底拒絕時曾標(biāo)記過的那些地點。他們創(chuàng)建了一個社區(qū)主導(dǎo)的保護區(qū)，一套在幾年前完全無法想象的，地方海洋治理的民主制度。

07:33

And they didn't stop there: within fiveyears, they'd secured legal rights from the state to manage over 200 squaremiles of ocean, eliminating destructive industrial trawlers from the waters.Ten years on, we're seeing recovery of those critical reefs within thoserefuges. Communities are petitioning for greater recognition of the right tofish and fairer prices that reward sustainability.

而且他們并沒有就此止步：在五年時間內(nèi)，他們已經(jīng)獲得了州政府的合法權(quán)利，來管理面積超過 200 平方英里的海洋，從水中除掉了具有破壞性的工業(yè)拖網(wǎng)漁船。十年過去了，我們看見了那些庇護區(qū)域內(nèi)重要珊瑚礁的恢復(fù)。社區(qū)正在為捕魚權(quán)力的認(rèn)可和能夠激勵可持續(xù)性的更公平的價格請愿。

07:59

But all that is just the beginning of thestory, because this handful of fishing villages taking action has sparked amarine conservation revolution that has spread over thousands of miles,impacting hundreds of thousands of people. Today in Madagascar, hundreds ofsites are managed by communities applying this human rights-based approach toconservation to all kinds of fisheries, from mud crabs to mackerel. The modelhas crossed borders through East Africa and the Indian Ocean and is nowisland-hopping into Southeast Asia. From Tanzania to Timor-Leste, from India toIndonesia, we're seeing the same story unfold: that when we design it right,marine conservation reaps dividends that go far beyond protecting nature,improving catches and driving waves of social change along entire coastlines,strengthening confidence, cooperation and the resilience of communities to facethe injustice of poverty and climate change.

但是這些都這是故事的開始，因為這少數(shù)幾個采取行動的漁村已經(jīng)引發(fā)了跨越數(shù)千英里海岸的海洋保護革命，影響了數(shù)十萬人。如今在馬達加斯加，有數(shù)百個地點由社區(qū)采用這種基于人權(quán)的方法來保護各種漁業(yè)，從泥蟹到鯖魚。該模型已穿越東非和印度洋，現(xiàn)在正在進入東南亞。從坦桑尼亞到東帝汶，從印度到印尼，我們看到了同樣的故事在展開：當(dāng)我們設(shè)計得當(dāng)，海洋保護所取得的豐碩成果，遠遠超出了保護自然，改善了捕獲量，沿著整個海岸線，推動社會變革的浪潮，增強了面對貧窮的不公和氣候變化的信心、合作與社區(qū)彈性。

09:02

I've been privileged to spend my careercatalyzing and connecting these movements throughout the tropics, and I'velearned that as conservationists, our goal must be to win at scale, not just tolose more slowly. We need to step up to this global opportunity to rebuildfisheries: with field workers to stand with communities and connect them, tosupport them to act and learn from one another; with governments and lawyersstanding with communities to secure their rights to manage their fisheries;prioritizing local food and job security above all competing interests in theocean economy; ending subsidies for grotesquely overcapitalized industrialfleets and keeping those industrial and foreign vessels out of coastal waters.We need agile data systems that put science in the hands of communities tooptimize conservation to the target species or habitat. We need developmentagencies, donors and the conservation establishment to raise their ambition tothe scale of investment urgently required to deliver this vision. And to getthere, we all need to reimagine marine conservation as a narrative of abundanceand empowerment, not of austerity and alienation; a movement guided by thepeople who depend on healthy seas for their survival, not by abstractscientific values.

我很榮幸能用自己的職業(yè)生涯促進和聯(lián)系這些熱帶地區(qū)的保護運動，而且我學(xué)習(xí)到，作為保護主義者，我們的目標(biāo)必須是大規(guī)模獲勝，而不僅是輸?shù)酶?。我們需要把握這個全球機遇來重建漁業(yè)：團結(jié)實地工作人員與社區(qū)一起，支持他們行動起來，并互相學(xué)習(xí)；同時團結(jié)政府和律師與社區(qū)；保障他們管理漁業(yè)的權(quán)利，優(yōu)先考慮當(dāng)?shù)丶Z食和工作安全，高于在海洋經(jīng)濟中的所有競爭利益；終止資本過多的工業(yè)船隊的補貼，讓工業(yè)和外國船只離開沿海水域。我們需要快捷的數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)，將科學(xué)放入社區(qū)手中來優(yōu)化保護目標(biāo)物種或棲息地。我們需要發(fā)展機構(gòu)、捐助者和保護機構(gòu)，提高他們投資的野心來滿足實現(xiàn)這一愿景的迫切需要。為了達到那個目標(biāo)，我們大家需要將海洋保護重新想象為豐富和鼓舞，而不是節(jié)制和疏遠的的敘事；一個依靠健康海洋生存的人民，而不是抽象的科學(xué)價值來主導(dǎo)的運動。

10:34

Of course, fixing overfishing is just onestep to fixing our oceans. The horrors of warming, acidification and pollutiongrow each day. But it's a big step. It's one we can take today, and it's onethat will give a much-needed boost to those exploring scalable solutions toother dimensions of our ocean emergency. Our success propels theirs. If wethrow up our hands in despair, it's game over. We solve these challenges bytaking them on one by one.

當(dāng)然，解決過度捕撈只是修復(fù)海洋的第一步。變暖，酸化和污染的恐懼每天都在增長。但這是一大步。這是我們今天就可以進行的，對于那些正在探索可擴展的解決方案以應(yīng)對我們海洋其它方面緊急情況的人們來說，這是一個急需的動力。我們的成功推動了他們的成功。如果我們絕望地舉起雙手，那就完蛋了。我們要一個接一個地解決這些挑戰(zhàn)。

11:08

Our overwhelming dependence on our ocean isthe solution that has been hiding in plain sight, because there's nothing smallabout small-scale fishers. They're a hundred million strong and providenutrition to billions. It's this army of everyday conservationists who have themost at stake. Only they have the knowledge and global reach needed to reshapeour relationship with our oceans.

我們對海洋壓倒性的依賴是原本就顯而易見的解決方案，因為對于“小型漁民”來說，沒有什么是小事。他們是一億的強者，可為數(shù)十億人提供營養(yǎng)。這是一群環(huán)境保護主義者每天最重要的一環(huán)。只有他們擁有重塑我們與海洋關(guān)系所需的知識和全球影響力。

11:35

Helping them achieve this is the mostpowerful thing we can do to keep our oceans alive.

幫助他們實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)是為我們保護海洋生命可以做的最有力的事情。

11:42

Thank you.

謝謝。

11:44

(Applause)

（掌聲）