演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:技術(shù)如何改變了聾啞人的生活

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【演講人及介紹】Rebecca Knill

作家，商業(yè)系統(tǒng)顧問(wèn)經(jīng)理

【演講主題】技術(shù)如何改變了聾啞人的生活

【演講文稿-中英文】

Translated by Joyce He Reviewed by WantingZhong

00:13

My name is Rebecca, and I'm a cyborg.

我的名字是麗貝卡，我是個(gè)賽博格（改造人）。

00:16

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

00:19

Specifically, I have 32 computer chipsinside my head, which rebuild my sense of hearing. This is called a cochlearimplant. You remember the Borg from Star Trek, those aliens who conquered andabsorbed everything in sight? Well, that's me.

確切地說(shuō)，在我的腦袋里有 32 個(gè)電腦芯片，用來(lái)重建我的聽(tīng)覺(jué)。這被稱作人工耳蝸。你們都記得《星際迷航》中的博格人（半活體半機(jī)械的生化人）吧，那些外星人征服并同化了一切生靈。嗯，那就是我。

00:38

(Laughter)

（笑）

00:40

The good news is I come for your technologyand not for your human life-forms.

好消息是，我想要的是你們的科技 而不是你們的生命形態(tài)。

00:45

(Laughter)

（笑）

00:47

Actually, I've never seen an episode ofStar Trek.

事實(shí)上，我一集《星際迷航》都沒(méi)看過(guò)。

00:50

(Laughter)

（笑）

00:52

But there's a reason for that: televisionwasn't closed-captioned when I was a kid. I grew up profoundly deaf. I went toregular schools, and I had to lip-read. I didn't meet another deaf person untilI was 20. Electronics were mostly audio back then. My alarm clock was my sisterBarbara, who would set her alarm and then throw something at me to wake up.

這是有原因的：當(dāng)我還小的時(shí)候，電視上還沒(méi)有字幕。我從小就嚴(yán)重失聰了。我去普通的學(xué)校上學(xué)，但是得觀唇辨意。直到我 20 歲時(shí)才遇到另一個(gè)耳聾的人。當(dāng)時(shí)的電子設(shè)備幾乎還都是以聲音為主的。我的鬧鐘是我的姐姐芭芭拉，她會(huì)設(shè)好她的鬧鐘，然后朝我扔?xùn)|西把我弄醒。

01:16

(Laughter)

（笑）

01:19

My hearing aids were industrial-strength,sledgehammer volume, but they helped me more than they helped most people. Withthem, I could hear music and the sound of my own voice. I've always liked theidea that technology can help make the world more human. I used to watch thestereo flash color when the music shifted, and I knew it was just a matter oftime before my watch could show me sound, too.

我的助聽(tīng)裝置是工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，音量震耳欲聾，但是它們對(duì)我的幫助比對(duì)其他人的幫助更大。有了它們，我能聽(tīng)到音樂(lè)和自己的聲音。我一直喜歡“科技可以讓世界變得更人性化”這個(gè)想法。我以前會(huì)看著立體聲音響在音樂(lè)變化時(shí)閃爍顏色，我知道我的手表遲早也能通過(guò)類似的方式“發(fā)出聲音”。

01:49

Did you know that hearing occurs in thebrain? In your ear is a small organ called the cochlea, and the cochlea islined with thousands of receptors called hair cells. When sound enters yourear, those hair cells, they send electric signals to your brain, and your brainthen interprets that as sound. Hair-cell damage is really common: noiseexposure, ordinary aging, illness. My hair cells were damaged before I was evenborn. My mother was exposed to German measles when she was pregnant with me.About five percent of the world has significant hearing loss. By 2050, that'sexpected to double to over 900 million people, or one in 10. For seniors, it'salready one out of three.

你們知道聽(tīng)覺(jué)產(chǎn)生于大腦嗎？在你們的耳朵里有個(gè)很小的器官，叫做耳蝸，耳蝸內(nèi)排列著幾千個(gè)感受器，被稱為毛細(xì)胞。當(dāng)聲音進(jìn)入你的耳朵時(shí)，這些毛細(xì)胞就會(huì)把電信號(hào)傳送到你的大腦，然后大腦會(huì)將這些電信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)譯成聲音。毛細(xì)胞損壞很常見(jiàn)：過(guò)量的噪音，正常衰老，疾病都會(huì)導(dǎo)致毛細(xì)胞損壞。我的毛細(xì)胞甚至在我出生前就損壞了。我母親懷我的時(shí)候得了風(fēng)疹。全世界大約有 5% 的人都有嚴(yán)重的聽(tīng)力喪失問(wèn)題。到了 2050 年，這個(gè)人數(shù)將翻倍至超過(guò) 9 億人，即十分之一的幾率。對(duì)于老年人來(lái)說(shuō)，聽(tīng)覺(jué)受損的幾率已經(jīng)是三分之一。

02:43

With a cochlear implant, computer chips dothe job for the damaged hair cells. Imagine a box of 16 crayons, and those 16crayons, in combination, have to make all of the colors in the universe. Samewith the cochlear implant. I have 16 electrodes in each of my cochleas. Those16 electrodes, in combination, send signals to my brain, representing all ofthe sounds in the universe. I have electronics inside and outside of my head tomake that happen, including a small processor, magnets inside my skull and arechargeable power source. Radio waves transmit sound through the magnets. Thenumber one question that I get about the cochlear implant when people hearabout the magnets is whether my head sticks to the refrigerator.

有了人工耳蝸，電腦芯片就會(huì)代替受損的耳毛細(xì)胞。想象有 16 支彩色蠟筆，這 16 支蠟筆組合起來(lái)，要負(fù)責(zé)生成宇宙中所有的顏色。人工耳蝸的原理與之類似。在我的每個(gè)耳蝸中都有 16 個(gè)電極。這 16 個(gè)電極組合起來(lái)，向我的大腦傳輸信號(hào)，模擬出宇宙中所有種類的聲響。我的大腦內(nèi)外都有電子設(shè)備以實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，其中包括一個(gè)小型處理器，即安裝在顱骨內(nèi)的一組磁鐵，和一個(gè)可充電的電源。無(wú)線電波通過(guò)這些磁鐵傳送聲音。當(dāng)人們聽(tīng)說(shuō)人工耳蝸會(huì)用到磁鐵的時(shí)候，問(wèn)我最多的一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是：我的頭會(huì)不會(huì)被吸到冰箱上去。

03:41

(Laughter)

（笑）

03:47

No, it does not.

不，并不會(huì)。

03:49

(Laughter)

（笑）

03:51

(Applause)

（掌聲）

03:52

Thank you, thank you.

謝謝，謝謝大家。

03:55

(Applause)

（掌聲）

03:56

I know this, because I tried.

我知道，因?yàn)槲以囘^(guò)。

03:58

(Laughter)

（笑）

04:00

Hearing people assume that the Deaf live ina perpetual state of wanting to hear, because they can't imagine any other way.But I've never once wished to be hearing. I just wanted to be part of acommunity like me. I wanted everyone else to be deaf. I think that sense ofbelonging is what ultimately connects our stories, and mine felt incomplete.

聽(tīng)力正常的人往往以為耳聾的人處于一種永無(wú)止境的對(duì)聽(tīng)覺(jué)的渴求，因?yàn)樗麄円蚕氩坏匠酥膺€能怎樣了。但我從沒(méi)有過(guò)哪怕一次希望能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。我只想處于一個(gè)與我情況類似的社群中。我希望大家都聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)。我認(rèn)為歸屬感才能最終連接起大家的故事，而我沒(méi)有這種歸屬感。

04:26

When cochlear implants first got going,back in the '80s, the operation was Frankenstein-monster scary. By 2001, theprocedure had evolved considerably, but it still wiped out any natural hearingthat you had. The success rate then for speech comprehension was low, maybe 50percent. So if it didn't work, you couldn't go back. At that time, implantswere also controversial in the Deaf culture. Basically, it was considered theequivalent of changing the color of your skin.

人造耳蝸?zhàn)铋_(kāi)始投入使用是在 80 年代，手術(shù)過(guò)程就像弗蘭肯斯坦（科學(xué)怪人）造怪物一樣恐怖。到了 2001 年，手術(shù)過(guò)程得到了很大的改進(jìn)，但它還是會(huì)抹去你原有的全部聽(tīng)覺(jué)。那時(shí)人造耳蝸對(duì)于理解語(yǔ)言的成功率還很低，大概只有 50%。所以如果它不成功的話，你也無(wú)法回到以前的狀態(tài)了。在那時(shí)，在聽(tīng)障人群的圈子里，耳蝸植入還是頗有爭(zhēng)議的。因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為植入耳蝸無(wú)異于改變你皮膚的顏色。

05:05

I held off for a while, but my hearing wasgoing downhill fast, and hearing aids were no longer helping. So in 2003, Imade the tough decision to have the cochlear implant. I just needed to stopthat soul-sucking cycle of loss, regardless of whether the operation worked,and I really didn't think that it would. I saw it as one last box to check offbefore I made the transition to being completely deaf, which a part of mewanted.

我猶豫了一段時(shí)間，但后來(lái)我聽(tīng)力下降的速度太快，我的助聽(tīng)裝置已經(jīng)幫不了我了。所以在 2003 年，我做出了一個(gè)艱難的決定，去植入人造耳蝸。不管手術(shù)是否會(huì)成功，我只想結(jié)束這種令人心力交瘁的缺失感，我也真的沒(méi)想到它會(huì)成功。我把它看作是我變得徹底失聰前要做的最后一件事；我的某一部分其實(shí)渴望自己完全失聰。

05:42

Complete silence is very addictive. Maybeyou've spent time in a sensory deprivation tank, and you know what I mean.Silence has mind-expanding capabilities. In silence, I see sound. When I watcha music video without sound, I can hear music. In the absence of sound, mybrain fills in the gaps based on the movement I see. My mind is no longercompeting with the distraction of sound. It's freed up to think morecreatively.

絕對(duì)的寂靜會(huì)讓人上癮。如果你曾體驗(yàn)過(guò)感官剝奪箱，【注：在隔光隔音箱子的鹽水中漂浮】你就知道我指的是什么了。寂靜具有開(kāi)拓人心智的能力。在寂靜中，我能看見(jiàn)聲音。當(dāng)我觀看一段沒(méi)有聲音的音樂(lè)錄像帶時(shí)，我能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)音樂(lè)聲。在沒(méi)有聲音時(shí)，我的大腦會(huì)根據(jù)我所看到的律動(dòng)為我填補(bǔ)那段空白。我的大腦沒(méi)有了聲音的干擾，具有了更自由的想象空間。

06:20

There are advantages to having bionic bodyparts as well. It's undeniably convenient to be able to hear, and I can turn itoff any time I want.

人體仿生裝置也有它們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。不可否認(rèn)的，聽(tīng)覺(jué)能為我?guī)?lái)方便，而且我可以隨時(shí)關(guān)掉它們。

06:29

(Laughter)

（笑）

06:31

I'm hearing when I need to be, and the restof the time, I'm not. Bionic hearing doesn't age, although external partssometimes need replacement. It would be so cool to just automaticallyregenerate a damaged part like a real cyborg, but I get mine FedExed fromAdvanced Bionics.

我僅在需要的時(shí)候開(kāi)啟聽(tīng)力，其他時(shí)候則保持關(guān)閉。仿生聽(tīng)覺(jué)不會(huì)隨年齡增加而退化，盡管某些外部配件有時(shí)需要被更換。要是我能像一個(gè)真的賽博格（改造人）一樣自動(dòng)再生損壞的部件，那估計(jì)會(huì)很酷吧，可我的部件是由高級(jí)仿生公司用聯(lián)邦快遞寄過(guò)來(lái)的。

06:51

(Laughter)

（笑）

06:53

Oh, I get updates downloaded into my head.

對(duì)了，那些部件的更新是直接下載到我的腦子里的。

06:59

(Laughter)

（笑）

07:00

It's not quite AirDrop -- but close.

雖然不完全是藍(lán)牙傳輸，但也差不多了。

07:03

(Laughter)

（笑）

07:05

With the cochlear implant, I can streammusic from my iPod into my head without earbuds. Recently, I went to a friend'slong, tedious concert ...

有了人工耳蝸，我不需要戴耳機(jī)就能用 iPod 在腦子里播放音樂(lè)。最近，我去聽(tīng)了一位朋友冗長(zhǎng)而又乏味的音樂(lè)會(huì)……

07:17

(Laughter)

（笑）

07:19

and unknown to anyone else, I listened tothe Beatles for three hours instead.

沒(méi)有人知道，我其實(shí)在那兒聽(tīng)了三小時(shí)甲殼蟲樂(lè)隊(duì)的歌。

07:24

(Laughter)

（笑）

07:25

(Applause)

（掌聲）

07:31

Technology has come so far so fast. Thebiggest obstacle I face as a deaf person is no longer a physical barrier. It'sthe way that people respond to my deafness, the outdated way people respond tomy deafness -- pity, patronization, even anger -- because that just cancels outthe human connection that technology achieves.

科技以極快的速度發(fā)展到了今天。作為一個(gè)耳聾的人，我所遇到的最大障礙已經(jīng)不是物理層面的了。而是他人對(duì)我耳聾的態(tài)度，人們對(duì)我耳聾的那種一成不變的過(guò)時(shí)態(tài)度——憐憫，屈尊，甚至是憤怒——這些態(tài)度直接抵消了科技進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的人與人之間的連接。

07:59

I once had a travel roommate who had acomplete temper tantrum, because I didn't hear her knocking on the door whenher key didn't work. If I hadn't been there, no problem, she could get anotherkey, but when she saw that I was there, her anger boiled over. It was no longerabout a key. It was about deafness not being a good enough reason for herinconvenience.

我曾經(jīng)有個(gè)旅友，有一次她大發(fā)脾氣，因?yàn)楫?dāng)她的鑰匙開(kāi)不了門時(shí)，我沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她敲門的聲音。如果我不在場(chǎng)就沒(méi)什么大不了的，她會(huì)再領(lǐng)一把新的鑰匙，但當(dāng)她看見(jiàn)我就在屋里時(shí)，她突然變得怒火中燒。那已經(jīng)不是一把鑰匙的問(wèn)題了。她覺(jué)得我耳聾并不是造成她不方便的 充足理由。

08:25

Or the commercial about the deaf man whoseneighborhood surprised him with sign language messages from people on thestreet. Everyone who sent me the video told me they cried, so I asked them,"Well, what if he wasn't deaf? What if his first language was Spanish, andeveryone learned Spanish instead? Would you have cried?" And they all saidno. They weren't crying because of the communication barrier, they were cryingbecause the man was deaf.

有一則關(guān)于失聰者的電視廣告，廣告里街上的人們都以手語(yǔ)和他交流，這使他感到驚訝與感動(dòng)。每個(gè)發(fā)我那段視頻的人都說(shuō)把他們看哭了，于是我問(wèn)他們，“那么，要是他沒(méi)有聽(tīng)覺(jué)障礙呢？要是他的第一語(yǔ)言是西班牙語(yǔ)，大家都去學(xué)西班牙語(yǔ)，而不是手語(yǔ)和他交流呢？你還會(huì)哭嗎？” 他們說(shuō)不會(huì)。讓他們落淚的并不是溝通障礙，而是那個(gè)人聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)的這個(gè)事實(shí)。

08:55

But I see it differently. What if the Borgshowed up in that video, and the Borg said, "Deafness is irrelevant."Because that's what they say, right? Everything's "irrelevant." Andthen the Borg assimilated the deaf guy -- not out of pity, not out of anger,but because he had a biological distinctiveness that the Borg wanted, includingunique language capabilities. I would much rather see that commercial.

但我看問(wèn)題的角度和他們不同，如果博格人出現(xiàn)在了那段視頻中，說(shuō)“耳聾是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的”。他們總說(shuō)這種話，對(duì)吧？每件事對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)都是“無(wú)關(guān)緊要的”。然后博格人就把那個(gè)耳聾的年輕人同化了——并不是出于憐憫或憤怒，只是因?yàn)樗胁└袢讼胍纳锾匦?，包括?dú)特的語(yǔ)言能力。我更寧愿看到那種廣告出現(xiàn)。

09:26

(Laughter)

（笑）

09:28

Why does thinking about ability make peopleso uncomfortable? You might know a play, later a movie, called "Childrenof a Lesser God," by Mark Medoff. That play, that title, actually comesfrom a poem by Alfred Tennyson, and I interpret both the play and title to saythat humans who are perceived as defective were made by a lesser God and livean inferior existence, while those made by the real God are a superior class,because God doesn't make mistakes.

為什么一提到殘障，人們就會(huì)感到這么不自在？你也許聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這部戲劇，后來(lái)被改編成了電影，叫作《失寵于上帝的孩子們》，編劇是馬克·麥多福（Mark Medoff）。這部戲劇和標(biāo)題其實(shí)出自丁尼生（Tennyson）的一首詩(shī)，我對(duì)它們的解讀是，那些被視為有缺陷的人是由次等神創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的，他們的存在低人一等，而那些由真正的神所創(chuàng)造出的人類則是更優(yōu)越的存在，因?yàn)樯袷遣粫?huì)犯錯(cuò)的。

10:06

In World War II, an estimated 275,000people with disabilities were murdered in special death camps, because theydidn't fit Hitler's vision of a superior race. Hitler said that he was inspiredby the United States, which had enacted involuntary sterilization laws for"the unfit" in the early 1900s. That practice continued in more than30 states until the '70s, with the last law finally repealed in 2003. So theworld is not that far removed from Tennyson's poem.

在二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，大約有 27.5 萬(wàn)身體有殘疾的人被帶到死亡集中營(yíng)中處死了，因?yàn)樗麄儾环舷Ｌ乩諏?duì)于“優(yōu)秀民族”的構(gòu)想。希特勒說(shuō)他其實(shí)是受到了美國(guó)人的啟發(fā)，美國(guó)在 20 世紀(jì)初通過(guò)了針對(duì)與優(yōu)生學(xué)不符人群的非自愿絕育法，在超過(guò) 30 個(gè)州實(shí)行，并持續(xù)到了 70 年代，直到 2003 年才被完全廢除。所以這個(gè)世界離丁尼生的詩(shī)歌所描述的也沒(méi)有那么遠(yuǎn)。

10:49

That tendency to make assumptions aboutpeople based on ability comes out in sentences like "You're sospecial," "I couldn't live like that" or "Thank God that'snot me."

那種根據(jù)能力來(lái)對(duì)人做出假設(shè)的傾向會(huì)讓人說(shuō)出諸如 “你可真特別”，“我要是這樣可活不下去”，或是“感謝上帝，這種事沒(méi)發(fā)生在我身上”這樣的話。

11:05

Changing how people think is like gettingthem to break a habit. Before the implant, I had stopped using the voicetelephone and switched to email, but people kept leaving me voice mail. Theywere upset that I was unreachable by phone and not returning messages. Icontinued to tell them my situation. It took them months to adapt. Fast-forward10 years, and you know who else hated voice mail? Millennials.

改變?nèi)藗兯伎嫉姆绞骄拖袷亲屗麄兘涑撤N習(xí)慣一樣。在耳蝸植入前，我已停止使用語(yǔ)音電話，轉(zhuǎn)而使用電子郵件，但人們還是繼續(xù)給我留電話留言。他們會(huì)因我不接電話，不回他們信息而生氣。我不斷地向他們解釋我的情況。他們還是花了數(shù)月才適應(yīng)。往前快進(jìn)十年，你們知道還有誰(shuí)也痛恨語(yǔ)音信箱嗎？千禧一代。

11:36

(Laughter)

（笑）

11:39

And you know what they did? They normalizedtexting for communication instead. Now, when it comes to ignoring voice mail,it no longer matters whether you're deaf or just self-absorbed.

你知道他們?cè)趺醋鰡幔克麄儼讯绦抛兂闪似毡榈臏贤ㄊ侄?。所以現(xiàn)在誰(shuí)要是不回語(yǔ)音信箱，那他既可能是因?yàn)槎@，也可能是因?yàn)樗活欁约骸?/p>

11:52

(Laughter)

（笑）

11:56

(Applause)

（掌聲）

12:03

Millennials changed how people think aboutmessaging. They reset the default. Can I just tell you how much I love texting?Oh, and group texts. I have six siblings -- they're all hearing, but I don'tthink any less of them.

千禧一代改變了人們對(duì)訊息傳遞的看法。他們重置了默認(rèn)值。你們知道我有多愛(ài)發(fā)短信嗎？還有群發(fā)。我有六個(gè)兄弟姐妹——他們都聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)，但我從不會(huì)因此看不起他們。

12:21

(Laughter)

（笑）

12:23

And we all text. Do you know how thrillingit is to have a visual means of communication that everyone else actually uses?

而我們都發(fā)短信交流。你知道有這種大家都用來(lái)溝通的視覺(jué)方法有多令我感到激動(dòng)嗎？

12:32

So I am on a mission now. As a consumer oftechnology, I want visual options whenever there's audio. It doesn't matterwhether I'm deaf or don't want to wake the baby. Both are equally valid. Smartdesigners include multiple ways to access technology, but segregating thataccess under "accessibility" -- that's just hiding it from mainstreamusers. In order to change how people think, we need to be more than accessible,we need to be connected. Apple did this recently. On my iPhone, itautomatically displays a visual transcript of my voice mail, right next to theaudio button. I couldn't turn it off even if I wanted to. You know what else? Netflix,Hulu, Amazon Prime no longer say "Closed-captioned for the hearingimpaired." They say "subtitles," "on" or"off," with a list of languages underneath, including English.

所以我現(xiàn)在正執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)使命。作為一名科技的使用者，只要一件產(chǎn)品有聲音選項(xiàng)，我就會(huì)要求它也具備視覺(jué)選項(xiàng)。這種視覺(jué)選項(xiàng)的出現(xiàn)究竟是為了照顧耳聾者，還是因?yàn)楦改覆幌氤承褘雰翰⒉恢匾?。這兩類人希望有這種選項(xiàng)都是很合理的。聰明的設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)制造多種方式 讓使用者能接觸到科技，而把這種接觸科技的方式 分到“無(wú)障礙功能”底下—— 其實(shí)是把它們藏到 主流用戶看不見(jiàn)的地方。為了改變?nèi)藗兊乃伎挤绞?，我們不止需要“無(wú)障礙功能”，我們更需要彼此之間的連接。蘋果公司最近做到了這些。在我的蘋果手機(jī)上，它會(huì)在語(yǔ)音按鈕旁邊自動(dòng)顯示 我語(yǔ)音信箱的文字版本。就算我想關(guān)掉它也做不到。你知道還有什么別的嗎？ Netflix, Hulu（視頻網(wǎng)站）, Amazon Prime （亞馬遜金牌服務(wù)）都不再顯示 “為聽(tīng)障人士提供的字幕”。而是“字幕”，“開(kāi)啟”或“關(guān)閉”，下面還有多種語(yǔ)言選項(xiàng)，包括英語(yǔ)。

13:38

Technology has come so far. Our mindsetjust needs to catch up. "Resistance is futile."

科技已經(jīng)發(fā)展至此了。我們的思維模式只需要跟上它的節(jié)奏?！暗挚故菬o(wú)效的”。（博格人口頭禪

13:47

(Laughter)

（笑）

13:48

You have been assimilated.

你們已經(jīng)被同化了。

13:50

(Laughter)

（笑）

13:52

Thank you.

（謝謝）

13:53

(Applause)

（掌聲）