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《金融世界》第九講
Boom and Bust
市場經(jīng)濟的興衰,一如白晝之后是黑夜。澳大利亞的歷史經(jīng)驗說明,每一次經(jīng)濟的繁榮之后,隨之而來的必然是衰退。其他國家也不例外。
在今天的節(jié)目中,我們就跟您談談市場經(jīng)濟的繁榮與蕭條,英文是: Boom and Bust.
boom 繁榮
bust 蕭條
Boom and Bust
您現(xiàn)在聽到的是澳大利亞墨爾本房地產(chǎn)拍賣的情景。房地產(chǎn)價格的高低,一直是經(jīng)濟繁榮或衰退的晴雨表。
經(jīng)濟學家早就指出,經(jīng)濟的繁榮與蕭條一如潮漲潮落晝夜交替一樣自然,澳大利亞就一再經(jīng)歷過經(jīng)濟繁榮與衰退的周期循環(huán)。
美國經(jīng)濟學家明斯基解釋了經(jīng)濟循環(huán)發(fā)展的規(guī)律。他指出,經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)發(fā)展時,由于多余資金流入市場,或銀行數(shù)量增多,銀行為market share 也就是占有市場的份額競爭激烈,突然之間市場借貸活動大量增加,利率降低,銀行貸款競爭加劇,推動房地產(chǎn)價格猛漲,形成一個危險信號。
接著是購房人行為改變,投機者 speculators 取代傳統(tǒng)投資人,大舉借貸購買資產(chǎn),期望物業(yè)短期升值轉(zhuǎn)手盈利。人為的炒作使資產(chǎn)價格遠遠超過本身的價值。一旦銀行融資減少,利率上升,房地產(chǎn)和其他資產(chǎn)價格開始下滑,就會出現(xiàn) asset deflation,資產(chǎn)虧損。大筆舉債購買資產(chǎn)的人希望破滅,又紛紛拋售,甚至血本無歸,宣布破產(chǎn)。銀行貸款無法收回,造成大量壞賬。經(jīng)濟迅速進入低潮。僅僅在一九八十年代的蕭條中,澳大利亞銀行就被迫注銷了高達兩百億澳元的壞賬。
歷史的教訓使人們對銀行業(yè)之間有過多的競爭是否對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有益提出了疑問。澳大利亞金融評論報的塞克斯指出:
It becomes evident that wide open competition in the banking sector does not yield benign results.The temptation always is to retain market share, to go for the highest profit, that is to lend money to the people who are prepared to pay the most for it, and also prepared to pay the highest fees for it, and these will nomp3ally be your worst credit risks. In boom times if credit goes out of the window and there is nothing to stop it because the banks are actually competing against each other on evaluating credit worthiness of clients and loosening up the evaluations, then you're going to get a crash of similar proportions again.
塞克斯在他的談話中提到這樣一些詞組:
1 retain market share 保持市場占有量或市場份額
2 credit risks 信貸風險
3 evaluating credit worthiness of clients 評估客戶的信貸價值或信用聲譽
下面我們聽一遍金融評論報撰稿人塞克斯講話的中文翻譯。
塞克斯說,很顯然銀行業(yè)廣泛的公開競爭不會有好的結(jié)果。銀行受到的誘惑總是要保持占有市場的份額,追求最高利潤,也就是要貸款給愿意支付最高利率同時愿意繳付最高費用的人。而這些人通常恰恰是最有信貸風險的人。在經(jīng)濟繁榮時期,如果貸款無法收回,也沒有辦法阻止它發(fā)生。因為各家銀行在對客戶進行信貸價值評估時互相競爭,從而放松評估的標準。這樣,銀行占有了多少市場份額,就會受到多大的打擊。
下面我們再聽一遍塞克斯講話的原文。(略)
Booms and busts,經(jīng)濟的繁榮與蕭條幾百年來一直以一成不變的規(guī)律循環(huán)交替。澳大利亞悉尼市一位資深股票經(jīng)紀人里夫金對投資者的行為有深刻的觀察。他說:
One of the greatest lessons that I've learnt from having studied booms for three hundred odd years, the number one rule is that all booms must bust. The larger the boom the larger the bust, the smaller the boom the smaller the bust. There's no exception to that. So that all you have to do is to identify whether you're in a boom in any investment market and then you know it will bust.
The other adage that I absolutely abide by is that you buy shares or assets, propety in doom or gloom, and you sell it in boom. Whereas of course most people do the very opposite, most people buy stocks or property when it's booming, and sell when there's gloom around.
里夫金說,我研究三百多年經(jīng)濟繁榮歷史的最深刻認識就是所有的繁榮都會變?yōu)槭挆l。越繁榮,蕭條就會越嚴重,無一例外。所以必須要確定你所涉及的投資領(lǐng)域是否處于繁榮期,這樣你就會知道它是否將進入蕭條。
我完全信奉的另一條格言是要在經(jīng)濟低靡或處于黑暗時期購買股票或其他資產(chǎn)以及房地產(chǎn),在繁榮時期出售。但是大多數(shù)人卻恰恰相反,在繁榮期購買股票或地產(chǎn),在經(jīng)濟衰退時再出售。
下面我們再聽一遍悉尼股票經(jīng)紀人里夫金談話的原文。(略)
在這一講的最后,我們再聽一遍今天學到的一些英文詞匯:
1 boom (經(jīng)濟的)繁榮
2 bust(經(jīng)濟的)蕭條
3 market share 市場占有量,市場份額
4 speculators 投機者
5 asset deflation 資產(chǎn)虧損
6 credit risks 信貸風險
7 evaluating credit worthiness of clients 評估客戶信貸價值或信用聲譽。
在這一講的最后,我們再聽一遍澳大利亞悉尼一位有經(jīng)驗的股票經(jīng)紀人里夫金對繁榮與蕭條的看法。(略)