從句到段：段落的展開(kāi)
基本句法掌握之后，接下來(lái)就要訓(xùn)練段落寫(xiě)作，這是因?yàn)槎温涫俏恼碌幕窘M成部分，要寫(xiě)出好文章，必須在段落寫(xiě)作上多下功夫。
段的基本組成是句子，好的段落應(yīng)該是該段中所有的句子都圍繞著一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)，且句與句之間應(yīng)該是緊密相連，形成統(tǒng)一的整體即unified and coherent。那么怎樣將一個(gè)段落展開(kāi)呢？下面介紹英語(yǔ)中幾種常用的方法。
(1)時(shí)間順序 按時(shí)間順序?qū)懽骶褪前凑帐挛锇l(fā)展在時(shí)間上的正常順序或先后順序展開(kāi)段落。在講述故事或回憶事件時(shí)，先發(fā)生的先寫(xiě)，后發(fā)生的后寫(xiě)。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：
My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination-Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more the thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the skies.
(2)空間順序 按空間順序組織材料通常用于描述一個(gè)地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章內(nèi)容應(yīng)按照由近及遠(yuǎn)、由遠(yuǎn)及近、自下而上、自上而下、按順時(shí)針?lè)较蚧蚰鏁r(shí)針?lè)较蚺帕校纾?/p>
In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees(), all in full bloom. A little girl was hoping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Under one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture. At the end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.
(3)列舉法 通過(guò)列舉一系列的論據(jù) 對(duì)主題句中的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面的陳述或解釋?zhuān)信e的順序可按照所列各點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間來(lái)排列，例如：
The Other Side of City Life
In the eyes of many people, city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience, yet they don’t see the other side of the picture. First, with the expansion of the city, housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then, there is the problem of pollution: harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surroundings; noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly, modern city life puts a high pressure upon people; you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodge in so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles, cars, buses…; all day long you are under great stress. Fourthly, big cities also cause some social problems. Of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary, robbery, murder and other crimes at any time. They should find some ways to cope with all these problems.
