漢英兩種語言屬于不同的語系,在語言結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)方式、修辭手段和思維方式等方面都有各自的不同特點(diǎn)。但是,兩種語言在詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語序和文化內(nèi)涵等方面又有一定的對等性。直譯就是利用這種對等關(guān)系,口譯時(shí),在保證準(zhǔn)確傳遞說話人原意的前提下盡量使原語在詞語、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語序上與譯入語保持一致。對等直譯法是口譯中最基本、最常用的方法,同時(shí)也是最有效、最實(shí)用、最簡便的方法。
以下英語的漢譯就是利用這種對等關(guān)系直譯的。
(1) Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.
今天,科技使我們所有國家實(shí)際上成為鄰邦。
(2) As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you;We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.
當(dāng)你們建設(shè)一個新中國的時(shí)候,美國希望同你們建立一種新型關(guān)系,我們希望中國成功、安全、開放、同我們一起為一個更加和平、繁榮的世界而工作。
(3) In the 21st century----your century----China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.
在二十一世紀(jì)——你們的世紀(jì)——中美兩國要面對亞洲安全問題的挑戰(zhàn)。
(4) One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said: “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.”
美國的奠基者之一, 本杰明﹒弗蘭克林曾經(jīng)說過:“批評我們的人就是我們的朋友,因?yàn)樗麄冎赋隽宋覀兊腻e誤。”
以下漢語的英譯也是利用英漢對等關(guān)系直譯的。
(1) 首先,請?jiān)试S我代表在座的,向我們的貴賓表示熱烈的歡迎和真誠的問候。
First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests.
(2) 雖然我們來自不同的背景,說不同的語言,但是,我相信我們將通過對體育的共同熱愛找到共同的語言和共同的友誼。
Although we come from many different backgrounds and speak many different languages, I am sure we shall find a common language and mutual friendship through our joint interest in sports.
(3) 我相信中國的改革開放和穩(wěn)定會給亞歐國家的商界帶來可觀的投資和貿(mào)易良機(jī)。
I am convinced that China's reform, open up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities.
(4) 我們將堅(jiān)持“和平統(tǒng)一”和“一國兩制”的基本原則。
We shall adhere to the basic principles of “peaceful reunification” and “one country, two systems”.
(5) 我們的干部要能上能下
Our cadres should be ready to go up and equally ready to go down.
從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看,有以下幾種常見句型,英語和漢語是基本對應(yīng)的。
1. 主語+系動詞+表語
2. 主語+不及物動詞
3. 主語+及物動詞+賓語
4. 主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(間接賓語和直接賓語)
5. 主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語)
6. There +系動詞+主語
以下英語句子的漢譯就是利用以上幾種句子對等關(guān)系直譯的。
(1) As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people;the American people are a great people. If our two peoples are enemies, the future of this world we share together is dark indeed.
正如你在祝酒詞中所說的,中國人民是偉大的人民,美國人民是偉大的人民。如果我們兩國人民互相為敵,我們所共有的這個世界將黯淡無光。
(2) The distance between our two nations, indeed between any nations, is shrinking.
我們兩國之間的距離,實(shí)際上,所有國家之間的距離都正在縮小。
(3) Over the past week, we have seen the glory of China’s past in Xi’an, the vibrancy of its present in Beijing, the promise of its future in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
在過去的一星期,我們在西安看到了過去的中國燦爛輝煌,在北京看到了今日的中國生氣勃勃,在上海和香港看到了未來的中國前途無量。
(4) On behalf of all the members of my delegation, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their gracious hospitality we have received.
我愿借此機(jī)會,代表我們代表團(tuán)的全體成員,對我們受到的友好款待,向我們的東道主表示衷心的感謝。
(5) So I hope we will have many more Americans coming here to study, many more Americans coming here to be tourists, many more Americans coming here to do business.
所以我希望我們還會有很多美國人到這里學(xué)習(xí),很多美國人到這里旅游,很多美國人到這里做生意。
(6) There is no reason for us to be enemies.
我們沒有理由成為敵人。
以下漢語句子的英譯也是利用以上幾種句子對等關(guān)系直譯的。
(1) 實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國完全統(tǒng)一是全中國人民的共同心愿。
To realize complete reunification of the motherland is the shared aspiration of the entire
Chinese people.
(2) 我們生活在一個多極化的世界里。
We are living in a world of diversity.
(3) 我們堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策。
We consistently pursued an independent foreign policy.
(4) 昨天,我參觀了國際商用機(jī)器公司、美國電話電報(bào)公司和貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室,領(lǐng)略了當(dāng)代
科技發(fā)展的前沿成就。
My visit to IBM, AT & T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand
knowledge of the latest success in modern science and technology.
(5) 今天,正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而奮斗的中國人民,把改革開放作為一項(xiàng)基本國策。
Today the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the
opening–up a basic policy.
(6) 九屆全國人大有女代表650人,占代表總數(shù)的21.82%。
There are 650 women deputies to the Ninth National People’s Congress, accounting for 21.82
per cent of the total.
改革開放以來,我國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會生活各方面都發(fā)生了深刻的變化。各種新事物、新觀念、新發(fā)現(xiàn)、新發(fā)明層出不窮,反映這些變化的新詞語也不斷涌現(xiàn)。對外宣傳的漢語口譯中隨時(shí)可能涉及這些詞語。另一方面靠譯員熟練掌握口譯的方法和技巧,善于根據(jù)具體情況,靈活處理, 能直譯的就直譯,不能直譯的就意譯、轉(zhuǎn)譯或采用其它變通處理辦法,關(guān)鍵在于達(dá)意,即準(zhǔn)確無誤的轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)原話的意思。以下漢語新詞語的英譯就是采用直譯法。英語表達(dá)既簡潔明了,又生動活現(xiàn)。有的已約定俗成,廣為流傳。譯員要特別留意記憶和積累這些詞語。
建設(shè)有中國特色的社會主義 build socialism with Chinese characteristics
加快改革開放的步伐 quicken the pace of reform and opening-up
全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的對外開放 opening up in all direction, at all levels and in a wide range
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū) special economic zone
經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū) economic development zone
中國西部大開發(fā) large-scale development in west China
經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛 economic take-off
知識經(jīng)濟(jì) knowledge economy
宏觀調(diào)控 macro-control
引進(jìn)外資 introduce foreign capital
競爭機(jī)制 competition mechanism
外資企業(yè) foreign-funded enterprise
合資企業(yè) joint venture
獨(dú)資企業(yè) wholly foreign-owned enterprise
私人企業(yè) private business
個體戶 self-employed businessman
炒股 buying and selling shares
股民 share holders
新興產(chǎn)業(yè) emerging industry
高科技產(chǎn)品 high-tech product
退耕還林(草) return cultivated land to forests or pastures
封山育林 close off hillsides to facilitate forestation
一國兩制 one country, two systems
香港特別行政區(qū)Hong Kong Special Administration Region ( HKSAR )
政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革 restructure of government institutions
反腐敗 fight corruption /anti-corruption
廉政建設(shè) build a clean and honest government
公共關(guān)系 public relation
人民公仆 servant of the people
扶貧計(jì)劃 help-the-poor programs
打假 anti fraud
掃黃打非 eliminate the sale and production of pornographic and illegal publications
跨世紀(jì)人才 cross-century talented people
超級市場 supermarket
購物中心 shopping center
連鎖店 chain store
娛樂中心 entertainment center
綠色食品 green-food
保健食品 healthy food
度假村 holiday villa