大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 10

[00:00.00]Unit 10 Text A [00:04.49]Scientific Attitudes [00:06.97]科學(xué)的態(tài)度 [00:09.46]Science had its beginning when man started asking questionsabout his environment. [00:14.18]科學(xué)起源于人類開始對自身環(huán)境產(chǎn)生疑問的時(shí)候. [00:18.91]He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue. [00:22.84]人想知道在夜晚太陽去了哪里以及為什么天空是藍(lán)色的. [00:26.78]He questioned why the wind blew and the leaves fell. [00:30.55]至于風(fēng)為什么吹;葉為什么落,人也感到好奇. [00:34.32]He thought answers to these and other questions. [00:37.26]于是人就為這些以及其它問題尋求答案. [00:40.20]Not all his answers were correct,but at least he did want to know. [00:44.17]他得到的答案并不都是正確的,但至少那時(shí)的人確實(shí)是想了解答案是什么. [00:48.14] Curiosity and Imagination [00:50.82]求知和想象 [00:53.50]Science began to develop rapidly [00:56.32]科學(xué)開始迅速發(fā)展起來 [00:59.14]when man laid aside-his wrong beliefs and began to seek true explanations. [01:03.87]當(dāng)人舍棄錯(cuò)誤的想法并開始尋求正確的解釋的時(shí)候, [01:08.60]Young children are curiously about how things work. [01:11.84]孩子們對事物是如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的感到好奇. [01:15.08]The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work. [01:18.71]有的小孩拆開手表,看看是什么使它走個(gè)不停. [01:22.34]Benjamin Franklin wondered about lightning. [01:25.62]本杰明.富蘭克林對閃電很感興趣. [01:28.89]He combined his curiosity with imagination [01:31.77]他把求知和想象結(jié)合起來, [01:34.64]and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and [01:38.61]進(jìn)行了一次著名的實(shí)驗(yàn), [01:42.58]an electric spark are the same thing. [01:45.56]證明閃電和電火花是同一種事物. [01:48.54]Curiosity and imagination are important qualities [01:51.57]求知和想象是兩種重要發(fā)素質(zhì), [01:54.60]which helps stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science. [01:58.99]它們有助于激勵(lì)新事實(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)有效期推動科學(xué)向前發(fā)展. [02:03.38]Belief in Cause and Effect [02:06.05]相信因果關(guān)系 [02:08.73]Scientifically minded people believe in a "cause-and-effect" relationship [02:12.66]有科學(xué)頭腦的人相信"因果"關(guān)系. [02:16.59]They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything. [02:20.12]他們感到任何一種事物都有一個(gè)完全自然的解釋. [02:23.65]For example, [02:25.42]例如, [02:27.20]there is a good reason why some leaves turn redand others yellow in the fall. [02:31.29]對于為什么有的樹葉在秋天會變紅,而另一些樹葉則變黃這一現(xiàn)象應(yīng)有合理的原因. [02:35.38]Changes such as these, which are easily observed,are called phenomena. [02:39.15]像樹葉變色被子人們完全理解,甚至有一些現(xiàn)象在今天還完全無法解釋. [02:42.93]Some common phenomena,however, are not completely understood. [02:46.71]像樹葉變色這樣容易觀察到的變化被稱為現(xiàn)象. [02:50.50]Still others cannot be explained at all at this time. [02:54.03]然而,有些常見的現(xiàn)象還沒有被人們完全了解,甚至有一些現(xiàn)象在今天還完全無法解釋. [02:57.55]In cases where the explanation is unknown [03:00.38]在對一些現(xiàn)象的解釋還不為人們所知的情況下, [03:03.20]the scientific point of viewis that there is a reason if it can only be discovered. [03:07.13]科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)是,其中必胡原因,只是尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)罷了. [03:11.06]Being Open-Minded [03:12.98]心胸開闊 [03:14.90]Open,mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude. [03:19.33]開闊的心胸在科學(xué)態(tài)度中也是極其重要的品質(zhì). [03:23.76]This mesns the ability to face the facts as they are [03:26.88]這指的是有能力面對現(xiàn)存的事實(shí) [03:30.00]regardless of what one has previously thought. [03:32.78]而不管自己原來想法如何. [03:35.56]It includes an ability to accept new [03:37.93]這包括能夠接受新的, [03:40.29]and sometimes even disagreeable ideas [03:43.23]有時(shí)甚至自己不贊同的觀點(diǎn). [03:46.17]The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasantor unpleasant. [03:50.35]科學(xué)工作者必須尊重事實(shí),不論這些事實(shí)是否令人愉快. [03:54.53]He must expect many failures and be willing to try again. [03:58.00]他必須預(yù)見到可能會有許多失敗,但他大氣愿再作嘗試. [04:01.48]Thomas Edison failed thousands of times [04:04.72]托馬斯.愛迪生在 [04:07.95]before he succeededin producing the first electric lamp. [04:11.59]成功地制造出第一個(gè)電燈前就曾失敗了上千次. [04:15.22]The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. [04:19.04]解決實(shí)際問題的辦法江不能預(yù)見. [04:22.87]Scientists must be able to change their thinking [04:25.55]科學(xué)家必須能夠改變思路, [04:28.23]and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered. [04:31.35]并使自己的理論符合新發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實(shí). [04:34.47]The mind cannot be made up once and for all [04:37.55]思想不能一勞永逸,一成不變. [04:40.63]New knowledge may make a change in thinking necessary. [04:43.91]新知識使得改變思想很必要. [04:47.19]This is another way of saying that man's understandingis always less than perfect. [04:51.92]這也說明人對事物的理解總不能盡善盡美. [04:56.65]What is accepted as true often is relatively,and not absolutely, true. [05:00.42]被作為真理接受的東西通常是相對正確,而非絕對正確. [05:04.20]A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable [05:07.53]科學(xué)的真理提供的某一種解釋是可接受的, [05:10.86]only in the light of what is known at a particular time. [05:14.29]只是相對于某一特定時(shí)間內(nèi)人們的知識水平而言的. [05:17.73]Respect for the Views of Others [05:20.46]尊重別人的觀點(diǎn) [05:23.19]Another part of a scientific attitudeis respect for the views of others. [05:27.21]科學(xué)態(tài)度的另一個(gè)重要的方面是尊重別人的觀點(diǎn). [05:31.23]This is easy when these views are like one's own. [05:34.21]當(dāng)別人的觀點(diǎn)與自己的相符合時(shí),這很容易. [05:37.19]The difficulty comes up when their ideas are different. [05:39.87]困難來自尊重與自己不同的意見. [05:42.54]Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. [05:46.72]全新或外來的觀點(diǎn)也是接受起來很困難的. [05:50.90]New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted. [05:54.29]新觀點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是很慢才被大家認(rèn)可. [05:57.67]Scientists such as Galileo, Louis Pasteur, [06:00.84]像伽利略,巴斯德 [06:04.02]and Edward Jenner were laughed at [06:06.25]和金納這些大科學(xué)家 [06:08.48]because they held theories that were not accepted. [06:11.11]因?yàn)樽约旱睦碚摬槐唤邮芏苋顺靶? [06:13.73]Respect for new ideas is important for continued progressin all fields of knowledge. [06:18.57]所以尊重新觀點(diǎn)對在所有知識領(lǐng)域里不斷取得進(jìn)步都很重要. [06:23.40]Opinions Based on Evidence [06:25.72]觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)有根據(jù) [06:28.05]Sometimes evidence is not complete. [06:30.94]有時(shí)證據(jù)并不充分. [06:33.82]It may take time for new facts to become available. [06:37.09]新事實(shí)的獲得可能需要一段時(shí)間, [06:40.35]When they are available, a person may have to change his mind. [06:43.17]而在獲得了這些事實(shí)以后,人們可能會改變主意. [06:46.00]New findings may also require a "wait-and-see" attitude. [06:49.72]新發(fā)現(xiàn)也需要一種"等著瞧"的態(tài)度. [06:53.44]For example, there is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds [06:56.63]例如,有一個(gè)關(guān)于種子發(fā)芽的 [06:59.81]which has been running for more than 50 years. [07:02.74]研究實(shí)驗(yàn)曾進(jìn)行了50多年. [07:05.67]The purpose is to determine how long a time [07:08.54]實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是 [07:11.41]seeds can be buried in the ground [07:13.59]要發(fā)現(xiàn)種子在地下可以埋藏多久 [07:15.77]and still grow when proper conditions for growth exist. [07:19.35]以后仍能在適宜生長的條件下發(fā)芽. [07:22.93]Text B [07:25.68]Solving Problems Scientifically [07:27.74]科學(xué)地解決問題 [07:29.80]There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. [07:32.64]人們解決問題有許多科學(xué)的方法. [07:35.47]Once his curiosity has been aroused, [07:37.60]一旦一個(gè)人產(chǎn)生了好奇心, [07:39.73]he uses certain methods and procedures [07:41.86]他會采取一些方法和步驟 [07:43.99]to obtain new knowledgeand greater understanding. [07:46.56]來獲取新知識和更深的理解. [07:49.13]Although the methods are not always the same, [07:51.56]雖然方法不盡相同, [07:53.99]there are usually certain elements in the procedures that are similar. [07:56.63]在職解決問題的步驟中有些因素卻通常是相似的. [07:59.27]Recognizing the Problem [08:01.01]認(rèn)識問題 [08:02.74]Problems must first of all be recognized. [08:04.81]首先必須認(rèn)識問題.只有提出正確的問題. [08:06.87]The right answers can be obtained only if the fight questions are asked [08:10.10]只有提出正確的問題,才以找到正確的答案. [08:13.32]A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. [08:16.46]一個(gè)被理解透徹的問題實(shí)際上已經(jīng)朝著解決它的方向趣一大步. [08:19.59]Problems arise in a variety of ways. [08:21.66]問題出現(xiàn)的方式有多種多樣. [08:23.72]Sometimes they grow out of a chance observation. [08:26.38]有時(shí)它們會從偶然的觀察中得來. [08:29.05]They may result from reading, [08:30.79]有時(shí)會產(chǎn)生于閱讀, [08:32.52]from laboratory experimentsor simply from thinking. [08:35.20]實(shí)驗(yàn),或僅僅是思考. [08:37.88]They also may result from new developments [08:40.20]問題也可能自于新的開發(fā)領(lǐng)域 [08:42.53]or from new or different human needs. [08:44.64]或者人類新的不同的需求. [08:46.76]Today, for example, [08:48.38]例如,在現(xiàn)代社會, [08:50.00]problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, [08:53.47]問題多產(chǎn)生于核物理, [08:56.95]biological engineering and micro electronics. [08:59.62]生物工程和微電子領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)現(xiàn). [09:02.30]The development of industry [09:04.08]工業(yè)的發(fā)展 [09:05.85]has also brought about large numbersof problems which have to be solved. [09:08.88]也帶來了大量的急需解決的問題. [09:11.92]Collecting Information [09:13.53]搜集信息 [09:15.15]Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it. [09:18.33]其次,科學(xué)家就盡可能多地了解問題. [09:21.50]Often this means going to the library [09:23.98]通常是去圖書館 [09:26.47] and studying bookswhich contain accounts of man' s experience [09:29.20]研究有關(guān)闡述這個(gè)問題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)n [09:31.92]and knowledge of the problem. [09:33.61]和知識的書籍.\ [09:35.29]This is called searching the literature. [09:37.37]這個(gè)過程被稱為查閱文獻(xiàn). [09:39.45]The scientist may find that others have already solved all [09:42.18]科學(xué)家可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)別人已經(jīng)全部 [09:44.91]or a part of the problem. [09:46.79]或部分地解決了這個(gè)問題. [09:48.67]Occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions [09:51.54]偶爾他會發(fā)現(xiàn)和此問題 [09:54.42]which give clues for solving the new one. [09:56.45]密切關(guān)系的另一些問題的答案,而這些答案正提供了解決新問題的線索. [09:58.49]In his search the scientist accumulates much background information. [10:01.67]科學(xué)家在查閱文獻(xiàn)中積累了豐富的背景材料. [10:04.84]With these new ideas and facts [10:07.11]憑借這些新觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí), [10:09.38]he builds a firm foundationfor solving the problem. [10:11.87]他就打下了解決問題的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ). [10:14.35]Organizing the Information [10:16.12]組織信息 [10:17.90]After the scientist has finished this part of his work [10:20.72]在科學(xué)家完成了收集信息的工作后, [10:23.54]he will probably take the many facts which he has collected [10:26.34]他將把收集所得 [10:29.13]and organize them into some kind of system. [10:31.50]組織成一個(gè)系統(tǒng). [10:33.86]This may be a logical classification [10:35.93]這可能是邏輯分類, [10:37.99]or it may be a mathematical analysis [10:40.12]也可能是數(shù)學(xué)分析. [10:42.25]Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions. [10:44.88]一般這樣的分析會暴露一些未解決的問題. [10:47.52]Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study. [10:50.40]有時(shí)還會聯(lián)想出一些需要進(jìn)一步研究的領(lǐng)域. [10:53.27]Perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis [10:55.79]這種分析的最重要成果之一 [10:58.31]is that it indicates certain truths, [11:00.49]是它會提示某些真理, [11:02.67]which generally are called inferences. [11:04.71]這通常稱為推論. [11:06.75]Making a Hypothesis [11:08.47]提出假說 [11:10.20]In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. [11:13.62]在推論的過程中,科學(xué)家建立了假說. [11:17.04]A hypothesis is only a "best" guess. [11:19.26]假說只不過是一個(gè)"最佳"猜測. [11:21.48]It must next be tested. [11:23.26]它必須進(jìn)一步被驗(yàn)證. [11:25.04]If it is correct, then certain things should follow. [11:27.56]如果它是正確的,那么某些事情就會隨之而來. [11:30.08]This means if a particular experiment is carried out, [11:32.61]也就是說,如果進(jìn)行了一個(gè)特定的實(shí)驗(yàn), [11:35.14]certain observations ought to be possible [11:37.57]就有可能觀察到某些現(xiàn)象, [11:40.00]or it should be possible to make certain predictions. [11:42.48]或者做出某些預(yù)測. [11:44.97]Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected [11:47.91]如果觀察結(jié)果或預(yù)測出現(xiàn)的情況愉如所料, [11:50.84]the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis [11:54.37]科學(xué)家就有更多的信心,認(rèn)為他的假說是正確的. [11:57.90]If,however,observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable [12:01.68]不過,如果觀察不到任何現(xiàn)象或預(yù)測不可靠, [12:05.47]then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified. [12:09.05]那么假說就可能被放棄,或至少被修正. [12:12.63]The Experiment [12:14.05]做實(shí)驗(yàn) [12:15.48]The hypothesis must check with the facts. [12:17.76]必須用事實(shí)對假說進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn). [12:20.05]Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory. [12:23.13]科學(xué)事實(shí)通常由實(shí)驗(yàn)室的工作予以確立. [12:26.21]Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions. [12:29.49]實(shí)驗(yàn)須在嚴(yán)格控制的條件下進(jìn)行. [12:32.77] Thorough and accurate records must be kept. [12:35.34]必須全面,精確地記錄實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果. [12:37.92]In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. [12:41.39]在做某些種類的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,要用到變量. [12:44.87]A variable is something [12:46.48]變量指 [12:48.10]which has different values under different conditions. [12:50.64]在不同條件下有不同數(shù)值的東西. [12:53.17]In one type of laboratory test [12:55.35]在做某種實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí), [12:57.53]all the variables but one are controlled. [12:59.91]除一種變量之外,所有其它變量都要控制, [13:02.29]This method of testing is called controlled experimentation. [13:05.52]這種實(shí)驗(yàn)方法叫做對照實(shí)驗(yàn).

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