500余處文物因洪災(zāi)受損 該怎么保護(hù)？

國家文物局表示，受強(qiáng)降雨影響，近期多地發(fā)生嚴(yán)重洪澇或滑坡、泥石流等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害，部分文物、博物館單位受損嚴(yán)重。

2020年6月28日，重慶濯水古城的民居被洪水淹沒。(圖片來源：新華社)

Statistics from the National Cultural Heritage Administration showed that by Thursday, more than 500 unmovable cultural relics such as monuments, ancient architecture and bridges in 11 provincial-level regions had been destroyed or damaged by floodwater. Seventy-six of the sites are under national-level protection, and 187 under provincial-level protection.

國家文物局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，截至7月16日，11省份有500余處不可移動文物因洪災(zāi)受到損壞，其中涉及全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位76處、省級文物保護(hù)單位187處。受損文物包括紀(jì)念碑、古建筑以及橋梁等。

【單詞講解】

在考古領(lǐng)域挖掘出來的“(工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價(jià)值的)文物”一般用artifact。而我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic則指“遺跡、遺留物、遺址”等。我們可以說，在表示“歷史遺跡”的時(shí)候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個(gè)詞一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

國家文物局副局長宋新潮介紹，長江流域省份文物受損情況較為嚴(yán)重，其中江西160處，安徽144處，湖南62處，四川41處，廣西35處，湖北31處。

The administration has allocated about 3.5 million yuan to a special fund for cultural heritage rescue work in the provinces.

國家文物局已向文物受災(zāi)嚴(yán)重的省份撥付文物應(yīng)急搶險(xiǎn)資金350萬元。

文物受損成因分析

文物本身防災(zāi)抗災(zāi)能力弱

"Floodwaters have been a major threat to the safety of Chinese cultural heritage throughout history," Song said. "And these old bridges, city walls and houses often have a poor capacity to counter disasters due to the lasting influence of natural erosion and human activities.

洪澇等自然地質(zhì)災(zāi)害歷來是危害文物安全的重要因素。古橋梁、古城墻、古民居等文物建筑年代悠遠(yuǎn)，受自然環(huán)境侵蝕和人為活動影響，抵御自然地質(zhì)災(zāi)害能力弱。

Ancient Chinese architecture is usually made of wood, tiles and bricks. When reservoirs in the upper reaches discharge waters, these heritage sites cannot withstand the impact of torrents.

我國文物建筑多為木構(gòu)架結(jié)構(gòu)，主要建筑材料為木材、磚瓦等，一些上游水庫泄洪排澇，這些文物無法承受大流量洪水的沖擊。

防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)研究不足

"Speaking of ancient architecture, cultural heritage experts and architects have usually focused on studying their layout, historical context and the structure of components," he said. "However, their capacity to withstand natural disasters has often received less attention, and we have thus lacked a comprehensive system to introduce disaster-prevention technology into renovation work and training programs."

我國文物、建筑學(xué)界對文物建筑的保護(hù)研究集中在建筑格局、形制、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面，對文物自身具有的防災(zāi)抗災(zāi)功能作用關(guān)注不夠，未能形成系統(tǒng)的文物防災(zāi)理念和技術(shù)體系，文物修繕中防災(zāi)減災(zāi)措施缺少針對性指導(dǎo)。

如何保護(hù)文物

有效防范是基礎(chǔ)

He said the administration will coordinate with different government departments to include the safety of heritage sites in the national disaster prevention and mitigation system, with cultural relics to be treated as "key properties", like human life.

國家文物局要督導(dǎo)各地將文物防災(zāi)減災(zāi)納入防災(zāi)減災(zāi)體系，將文物作為和生命一樣的重要財(cái)產(chǎn)來看待。

發(fā)揮文物自身防災(zāi)功能

For instance, the Forbidden City in Beijing, China's former imperial palace, has seldom been flooded since its founding 600 years ago due to its superb sewage system. And the sewage system in the historical neighborhood in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, was designed during the Song Dynasty and still functions well today.

北京故宮科學(xué)的排水系統(tǒng)使其600余年始終未遭水害，江西贛州古城“福壽溝”是宋代城市排水系統(tǒng)，至今仍發(fā)揮著重要的防汛抗災(zāi)作用。

"An important task is to conduct in-depth studies of the extraordinary capacities of ancient Chinese cities and take full advantage of those functions today," he said.

當(dāng)前一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)是組織開展專項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)研究，深入挖掘一些古城本身具有的獨(dú)特防災(zāi)體系和抗災(zāi)功能，充分發(fā)揮其在現(xiàn)代城鄉(xiāng)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)中的重要作用。

【相關(guān)詞匯】

文化遺產(chǎn) cultural heritage

文化自然雙重遺產(chǎn) cultural and natural heritage

文化多樣性 cultural diversity

世界遺產(chǎn)名錄 World Heritage List

申遺 bid for the World Heritage List

文化資源整合 integration of cultural resources