“昆山反殺案”熱詞：正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)

A screen shot from a video showing the knife attack in Kunshan, Jiangsu province. [Photo/IC]

Police and prosecutors in Kunshan, Jiangsu province, released statements on Saturday, verifying that the man's behavior constituted justifiable defense and noting he should be exempt from criminal liability.

江蘇省昆山市公安局和檢察院認(rèn)定“騎車反殺男子”(于海明)的行為屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)(justifiable defense)，指對(duì)正在進(jìn)行不法侵害行為的人，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對(duì)不法侵害人造成一定限度損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

我國(guó)《刑法》第二十條對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的規(guī)定是：

為了使國(guó)家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對(duì)不法侵害人造成損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person employs an act to stop an unlawful infringement for the purposes of avoiding the said infringement for the State's or the public interest or for his own or another person's right of the person, property right or any other right, thus causing harm to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall be regarded as a justifiable defense and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過(guò)必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

If a justifiable defense apparently exceeds the limits of necessity, thus causing a serious harm, the person involved shall bear criminal responsibility, but be given a mitigated punishment or be exempt from punishment.

對(duì)正在進(jìn)行行兇、殺人、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不屬于防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person employs an act of defense to an immediate violent crime of committing physical assault, homicide, robbery, rape, kidnapping or any other crime seriously endangering the safety of another person, thus causing bodily injury or death to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall not be regarded as a defense that exceeds the limits of necessity, and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

其中，“正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過(guò)必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任”指的就是“防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)(excessive defense)”。

“昆山反殺案”發(fā)生之后，網(wǎng)絡(luò)上關(guān)于該行為到底屬于“正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)”還是“防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)”引發(fā)了熱議。

昆山警方發(fā)布撤案通報(bào)后，江蘇省人民檢察院通過(guò)其官方微信號(hào)“江蘇檢察在線”，第一時(shí)間對(duì)于海明的行為為什么被認(rèn)定為正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)進(jìn)行了解釋。

侵害升級(jí) escalating assault

從該案的起因看，劉海龍醉酒駕車(drunk driving)，違規(guī)變道(illegal lane change)，主動(dòng)滋事，挑起事端;從事態(tài)發(fā)展看，劉海龍先是推搡，繼而拳打腳踢，最后持刀擊打(knife attack)，不法侵害步步升級(jí)。

危及人身安全 endanger personal safety

本案系“正在進(jìn)行的行兇(ongoing assault)”，劉海龍使用的雙刃尖角刀系國(guó)家禁止的管制刀具(restricted knives)，屬于刑法規(guī)定中的兇器;其持兇器擊打他人頸部等要害部位，嚴(yán)重危及于海明人身安全(seriously endanger Yu's personal safety);砍刀甩落在地后，其立即上前爭(zhēng)奪，沒(méi)有放棄跡象?？车峨m然易手，危險(xiǎn)并未消除，于海明的人身安全始終面臨著緊迫而現(xiàn)實(shí)的危險(xiǎn)(Yu's life was at risk during the whole process)。

防衛(wèi)強(qiáng)度 level of self-defense

于海明搶刀后，連續(xù)捅刺、砍擊劉海龍5刀，所有傷情均在7秒內(nèi)形成(five stabs in seven seconds)。昆山市公安局在通報(bào)中指出，司法實(shí)踐中，考量是否屬于“行兇”，不能苛求防衛(wèi)人在應(yīng)急反應(yīng)情況下作出理性判斷，更不能以防衛(wèi)人遭受實(shí)際傷害為前提(the person being attacked could not be expected to make rational judgments in such an emergency, let alone judge the case by the injuries they suffered)，而要根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)具體情景及社會(huì)一般人的認(rèn)知水平進(jìn)行判斷。

江蘇省人民檢察院表示，人身安全是每個(gè)公民最基本的要求(personal safety is a basic requirement of every citizen)，面對(duì)來(lái)自不法行為的嚴(yán)重緊急危害(severe and imminent assault)，法律應(yīng)當(dāng)引導(dǎo)鼓勵(lì)公民勇于自我救濟(jì)，堅(jiān)持同不法侵害作斗爭(zhēng)。