托福閱讀材料之社會話題
線索詞類型：
第一類：代詞 eg. this, it, they
如果要插入的句子中有代詞，可是代詞所指代的內(nèi)容又沒有出現(xiàn)在句子本身，那么我們就可以根據(jù)代詞的單復數(shù)等性質(zhì)找到它指代的內(nèi)容，再插入到該句之后。
For example:
Where would the sentence best fit?
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
看到了this，明顯指代的是前文所提到的內(nèi)容。再根據(jù)句子后半部分a question that has puzzled scientists for ages, 了解到this的指代內(nèi)容原來是個question, 并且是科學難題。再看原文的四個插入點，第二個就明顯很合適了。
第二類：名詞 eg. 在句子中的形式一般為：this/these/such/another…+名詞
如果句子中的線索詞不是第一類的代詞，而是以第二類的這種形式出現(xiàn)，那么這個最后的名詞就是我們的線索詞，同學們要對于這個詞保持敏感。這個名詞一般會在原文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過，我們要找到這個地方，再把句子插入適當?shù)奈恢?。之后要考慮句子插入后是否與插入口后面的句子保持正確的邏輯關(guān)系，如果邏輯通順就OK了!
For example：
Where would the sentence best fit?
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.
■ the raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■
這里的線索詞就是economic reliance,回去原文找根源，第二個插入口前面一句the raise of livestock is a major economic activity…，發(fā)現(xiàn)economic reliance就是major economic activity就是同義轉(zhuǎn)換。但是這個時候不要過于著急把句子插進第二個插入口，你想一下啊，有可能作者在說這個topic的時候，有可能用了幾個句子來闡述，所以要嚴謹一些，看看如果插入第二個口，和右邊句子的意思是否能銜接。這個例子中，插入句子描寫了一個不好的結(jié)果—overgrazing，而第二個插入口后一句話就是寫了consequences of excessive grazing,因此邏輯上也是通順的，可以安心地把句子放在第二個插入口了!
第三類：邏輯詞 eg.however/but /thus/accordingly/consequently/hence ...
以上兩類線索詞都是根據(jù)文中的語法聯(lián)系來解題的，可是有些題目中的插入句沒有這兩類線索詞，那么它的線索詞就可能是一些表示因果、轉(zhuǎn)折等各種邏輯關(guān)系的邏輯詞，舉例來說就是，however/but…這類表轉(zhuǎn)折和 thus/accordingly …這類表因果關(guān)系的詞，相信大家在寫作的時候已經(jīng)把這些詞倒背如流了吧!這一類的插入題可能比前兩類線索詞的題要相對難一些，因為干擾項會比較強大，但是只要細心，理清前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，同學們還是可以攻克的!
For example:
Where would the sentence best fit?
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
這個題目中，插入句句首的consequently就是一個表結(jié)果的線索詞，表明前文所說的事情導致了tunas 不需要吸入水。我們看到第二個插入點的前一句話說，tunas張開嘴，水就會被推進他們的嘴里，如果把插入句放在這句后面邏輯上是十分連貫的?？墒且恍┤藭X得第三個插入點也很合適，因為這個插入點的前一句說，tunas失去了其他魚用來吸水的肌肉，如果后面說tunas不需要吸水貌似也合理，但是要注意，插入句用的是需要(need)，如果tunas失去了肌肉，那么就是不是需不需要，而是可不可以了。插入第二個插入點后，再檢查下前后文的連貫，發(fā)現(xiàn)很適合。如果放在第三個插入點的話，和后文的銜接就會變得奇怪。因此，同學們要細心一些，記得檢查!
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