【“問題”】
既然是problem-solving類的聽力背景,每一篇conversation會有一個核心的問題。隨著對話的推進,會圍繞著這個核心問題衍生出的一些其他問題。比如在TPO3的conversation1中,學(xué)生提出的核心問題在于cannot find the classroom,但中間會衍生出類似“why didn’t she receive the letter”這樣的問題。
根據(jù)聽力背景的不同,問題可能會以不同的形式呈現(xiàn),除了最常見的直接提問之外,其他形式包括:提出一種不確定的可能性,一種擔(dān)憂,一種意見,甚至是一種等待點評的觀點等,總之,凡是提出后期望對方有所回應(yīng)的都可以歸結(jié)于“問題”。
一般來說conversation的核心問題會在對話比較偏前的部分提出來,相當(dāng)一部分是在開頭就直截了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鰜?。但也有部分conversation的核心問題出來得比較晚,比如TPO9的conversation1,前面鋪墊了比較多,但是核心問題出來前會有一些相對比較明朗的信號詞,比如這篇conversation用了“since my appointment today is to discuss…”這樣的表達來提示真正的核心問題。
有的時候,在提出問題的同時,說者還會涉及到提出該問題的原因,比如TPO48的conversation1中,學(xué)生在提出希望找一份餐館侍者的工作時,提到了原因“I really need to make more money”,這類信息也會出現(xiàn)在考點中,因此需要學(xué)生有所記錄。
在聽力過程中,問題的提出往往意味著新一輪對話的開始,對學(xué)生確定整個文章的邏輯層次有著很重要的指示作用。從出題點來說,核心問題往往體現(xiàn)在主旨題上(即每篇聽力的第一個問題)。常見的題目表達通常類似于“why does the student come to…/What is the purpose of…”或“what is the conversation mainly about”,前者往往問的是求助者最初的核心目的,后者則對應(yīng)的是整個對話中最著重討論的問題。
【“答案” 】
和上文的“問題”一樣,“答案”也是個廣義的概念。與其說是答案,不如說是對問題的回應(yīng)。答案的呈現(xiàn)方式也可以有許多種,可以是直接的解釋,給出的建議,或是對對方的贊同或反駁等。
一般來說答案部分是占篇幅最多的,也是信息量比較大的一塊。在聽的過程中有兩個信息是最關(guān)鍵的,一個是直接回答問題的答案本身,另一個就是提供答案的原因。比如說TPO19的Conversation2中,食堂工作人員建議學(xué)生visit cafeteria’s website,在提出這個建議的時候提到了兩個原因,一是We list all our food suppliers,二是 you can also find some charts listing fat and calorie content。同樣地,這類展示原因的信息也需要體現(xiàn)在筆記中。
答案部分所占篇幅較長,相當(dāng)一部分原因是因為在直接答案的后面,經(jīng)常會跟有“近義解釋”。比如說TPO26的conversation2中,教授提到bioluminescence作用的時候提到的核心信息是“they use bioluminescence to hide”.而這之后的“The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight, so they blend in, and, uh, and predators can’t see them”其實和“hide”是相近的意思,只不過進一步解釋了hide這件事。此時只要能聽明白前面的核心信息,后面的內(nèi)容可以不用在筆記中著重體現(xiàn)。當(dāng)然這種近義解釋還有另一個作用,就是當(dāng)學(xué)生沒能聽清楚核心信息時,可以有第二次機會去理解前文的意思。這一點在學(xué)術(shù)背景下的conversation中體現(xiàn)得尤其明顯。
值得注意的是,答案與問題有時并不是一一對應(yīng)的,也就是說,一個問題后,可能會有多個答案或建議出現(xiàn)。這個時候可能會存在干擾項:比如TPO3conversation1中,針對“why didn’t the student receive the letter”這個問題,
給出了兩個可能的解釋“threw it by mistake”和“sent it to the wrong address”,根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容判斷出真正的答案其實是后者。除此之外,學(xué)生還需要能敏銳地判斷答案本身是針對哪個問題提出的,即清楚地區(qū)分文章的邏輯層次。
還有一個常見的誤區(qū)就是“問題一定是學(xué)生提出的,答案或建議一定是工作人員或者教師方給出的”。這個并不是絕對的,比如TPO26的conversation2中,教授就詢問了學(xué)生有關(guān)她參加的conference的情況,學(xué)生的回答同樣出現(xiàn)在考點中。
【“態(tài)度”】
第三個關(guān)鍵信息點就是態(tài)度,以及持有該態(tài)度的原因(如果有的話),通常是針對答案所給出的反饋。從最宏觀的角度來說,態(tài)度分為兩大類:positive和negative。
通常態(tài)度意味著一輪對話的結(jié)束,以及新一輪問題的開始。因此,態(tài)度可以用來預(yù)判接下來對話的走向。一般來說如果態(tài)度本身偏negative(即前面的答案還沒有解決相應(yīng)問題),很有可能接下來的一輪對話還是會圍繞相同的問題;反之如果態(tài)度是positive的,那么為了conversation能夠繼續(xù)推進,往往會有新的問題提出。
對應(yīng)到考點上來看,最容易考察態(tài)度的題型就是推斷題。比如TPO19conversation2中,“What does the man mean when he says—That’s OK, seems like you are doing what you can. ”就是一個典型的態(tài)度推斷題,對應(yīng)的答案為“He is satisfied with the information he has received”。
總結(jié): 一篇conversation中應(yīng)該包含這三大塊內(nèi)容:
問題(+原因),答案(+原因),態(tài)度(+原因)。
同時在記錄過程中還應(yīng)注意區(qū)分內(nèi)容間的邏輯層次,尤其要明確答案針對的是哪一個問題,態(tài)度針對的是哪一個答案。
如果這三塊關(guān)鍵信息能夠有條不紊地記錄下來,相信在做題時會發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大部分考點都會落在這三個框架之內(nèi)。
【真題示例】
下面將以TPO3的conversation1的文本為例,展示一篇典型的conversation中以上三個關(guān)鍵信息點的分布情況,以及如何在筆記中體現(xiàn)這些關(guān)鍵信息。其中藍(lán)色標(biāo)記表示問題,黃色表示答案,綠色表示態(tài)度。其中部分關(guān)鍵點即可以看做態(tài)度,也可以看做問題,比如“What? I’ve never got it”,既回應(yīng)了前文staff提供的答案,也開啟了新的問題,即“Why didn’t she receive the letter”。
--Student:
Excuse me, I’m supposed to be having my physics class in the science building, but no one’s in the classroom. Could you tell me where the class is? Physics 403 — has it been moved?
--Receptionist:
Well,there’s a room assignment sheet on the bulletin board outside this office.
--Student:
Yeah, I know, but my class isn’t listed there. There must be some kind of mistake or something. Could you look it up, please?
--Receptionist:
Hmmm... ok, let me check on the computer. It’s physics, right? Wait, did you say physics 403?
--Student:
Yeah.
--Receptionist:
Er…I’m sorry, but it says here that it was cancelled. You should have gotten a letter from the registrar’s office about this.
--Student:
What? I’ve never got it.
--Receptionist:
Are you sure? ‘Cause it says on the computer that the letter was sent out to students a week ago.
--Student:
Really? I should have gotten it by now.
I wonder if I threw it away with all the junk mail by mistake.
--Receptionist:
Well, it does happen. Er… let me check something. What’s your name?
--Student:
Woodhouse, Laura Woodhouse.
--Receptionist:
Ok, hmmm…Woodhouse, let me see… ah, it says here we sent it to your apartment on er… Center Street.
--Student:
Oh, that’s my old apartment. I moved out of there a little while ago.
--Receptionist:
Well, and I suppose you haven’t changed your mailing address at the administration office. Well, that would explain it.
--Student:
Yeah, I guess that’s it. But how can they cancel the class after offering it.If I’d known this was going to happen, I would have taken it last semester.
--Receptionist:
I know, it’s really inconvenient for you, I understand that, but er… if we don’t have enough students signed up for the course, the college can’t offer it. You know, it’s a practical issue, like we can’t have an instructor when there’re only a few students in the class. You see what I mean?
--Student:
I guess, but now I don’t know what course I should take instead.
--Receptionist:
Ok, let’s see. Do you have any courses you’re going to take next semester? If you do,you might want to take them now and sign up for physics 403 next semester.
--Student:
Yeah, I guess I could do that. I just hope it won't be cancelled again. Do you know how many people have to be enrolled in order to keep a class from being cancelled?
--Receptionist:
Well, it depends on the class, but for that class, you have to have er… let’s see, usually it’d be at least ten people, but since it was cancelled this semester, they might even do it with less. But do you know what you should do? Give the physics department a call a couple of weeks before the semester starts. They’ll be able to tell you if they’re planning to go through with it. It's their decision, actually.
--Student:
Oh, ok, I will do that. Thanks for the info.
--Receptionist:
No problem. Sorry about the class. Oh, why don’t you go change your mailing address now. It’ll only takes a minute.
--Student:
Oh, oh, sure, I will do that right way.
以下表格給出了一種可供參考的筆記記錄方式,其中紅色文字部分代表該信息出現(xiàn)在考點中。
( )中的內(nèi)容可以不用體現(xiàn)出來,在做筆記過程中我們可以和自己規(guī)定一些“默認(rèn)信號”,比如說√表示“explanation accepted/advise taken”或者“correct answer”,這樣可以幫助我們更高效率完成筆記。
綜上所述,針對托福聽力的conversation1,我們可以先判斷出對話其中一方想要解決的問題,再明確對話另一方的回應(yīng),之后關(guān)注對話雙方的態(tài)度,并盡可能清晰地記錄下這些要點信息,方便我們在做題過程中對聽力材料進行還原。
瘋狂英語 英語語法 新概念英語 走遍美國 四級聽力 英語音標(biāo) 英語入門 發(fā)音 美語 四級 新東方 七年級 賴世雄 zero是什么意思黃山市紫霞小區(qū)英語學(xué)習(xí)交流群