外國人最想和你聊的時事話題：利益與未來
- 雙語介紹
- 關鍵詞句
What is benefit society 什么是利益社會
A benefit society or mutual aid society is an organization or voluntary association formed to provide mutual aid, benefit or insurance for relief from sundry difficulties. Such organizations may be formally organized with charters and established customs, or may arise ad-hoc to meet unique needs of a particular time and place.
Benefit societies can be organized around a shared ethnic background, religion, occupation, geographical region or other basis. Benefits may include money or assistance for sickness, retirement, education, birth of a baby, funeral and medical expenses, unemployment. Often benefit societies provide a social or educational framework for members and their families to support each other and contribute to the wider community.
Examples of benefit societies include trade unions, friendly societies, credit unions, self-help groups, landsmanshaftn, immigrant hometown societies, Fraternal organizations such as Freemasons and Oddfellows and many others. Peter Kropotkin posited early in the 20th century that mutual aid affiliations predate human culture and are as much a factor in evolution as is survival of the fittest.
A benefit society can be characterized by
·members having equivalent opportunity for a say in the organization
·members having potentially equivalent benefits.
·aid would go to those in need (strong helping the weak)
·collection fund for payment of benefits
·educating others about a group's interest
·preserving cultural traditions
·mutual defence
·Many of the features of benefit organizations today have been assimilated into organizations that rely on the corporate and political structures of our time. Insurance companies, religious charities, credit unions and democratic governments now perform many of the same functions that were once the purview of ethnic or culturally affiliated mutual benefit associations.
·But new technologies have provided yet more new opportunities for humanity to support itself through mutual aid. Recent authors have described the networked affiliations that produce collaborative projects such as Wikipedia as mutual aid societies. In modern Asia rotating credit associations organized within communities or workplaces were widespread through the early 20th century and continue in our time. Habitat for Humanity in the United States is a leading example of shared credit and labor pooled to help low-income people afford adequate housing.
·In post-disaster reactions, formal benefit societies of our time often lend aid to others outside their immediate membership, while ad-hoc benefit associations form among neighbors or refugees. Ad-hoc mutual aid associations have been seen organized among strangers facing shared challenges at such disparate settings as the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival in New York in 1969, during the Beijing Tiananmen square protests of 1989, for neighborhood defense during the Los Angeles Riots of 1992, and work of the organization Common Ground Collective which formed in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The Rainbow Family organizes gatherings in National Forests of the United States each year around age old models of ad hoc mutual aid.
個人利益（individual benefit）
個人利益包括個人物質(zhì)生活(material life)和精神生活(spiritual life)需要的滿足，個人身體(personal health)的保存和健康，個人才能(personal capability)的利用和發(fā)展等。
集體利益(collective interest)
集體利益是社會集團(social organization)全體成員的共同利益(common interest)。與所在社會的生產(chǎn)資料所有制(system of ownership of the means of production)有密切聯(lián)系，不同的所有制(system of ownership)關系決定了集體利益不同的性質(zhì)。在社會主義國家(socialist state)，集體利益從一定意義上講，是指國家和全體人民的利益，同時也指人們所在集體的全體成員的共同利益。集體利益具體包括社會集團公有的自然資源(natural resources)或集體所有的生產(chǎn)資料(production goods)和資金(capital)、教育及文化娛樂設施(cultural and recreational facilities)等。
國家利益(national interst)
國家利益就是滿足或能夠滿足國家以生存發(fā)展為基礎的各方面需要并且對國家在整體上具有好處的事物。
Often they are experts hired by stakeholders, rather than stakeholders themselves.
他們通常是利益關系人聘請的專家，本身卻不是利益關系人。
There is an important conflict of interest in the world of digital product development:
在數(shù)字產(chǎn)品開發(fā)領域中，存在著嚴重的利益沖突。
The application, however, issues bulletin dialogs-they serve the application, at users' expense.
但是程序發(fā)起的公告對話框，它們?yōu)槌绦蚍眨瑺奚脩衾妗?br /> A second problem affects the ability of vendors and manufacturers to make users happy.
第二個原因是影響產(chǎn)品制造商和經(jīng)銷商讓用戶感到高興的能力。
Generally speaking, a stakeholder is anyone with authority and/or responsibility for the product being designed.
一般認為，任何對所設計產(chǎn)品有影響或責任的人都是利益關系人。
Interviews with stakeholders should occur before any user research begins because these discussions often inform how user research is conducted.
訪談利益關系人應該在其他用戶研究之前開展，因為前者常常為后者提供思路。
Often political personas-the ones added to the cast to address stakeholder assumptions-become supplemental personas.
行政人物角色--被加進來用于代表利益關系人的利益--通常成為補充人物角色。
Curiosity creates interest.
好奇創(chuàng)造利益。
We should place the interests of the people above personal interests.
把人民的利益放在個人利益之上。
We should subordinate our personal interest to that of the collective.
我們應該讓個人利益服從集體利益。
Their interest clashed with ours.
他們的利益與我們的利益沖突。
Honour and profit lie not in one sack.
要榮譽，失利益；要利益，舍榮譽。
We work in the interest of humanity.
我們?yōu)槿祟愔\利益。
Their interests are not compatible with ours.
他們的利益和我們的利益不相容。
They worked together, and went halves in what they made.
他們一起工作，利益均分。
Under this system, personal interests must be subordinated to collective ones, the interests of the part to those of the whole, and immediate to long-term interests.In other words, limited interests must be subordinated to overall interests, and minor interests to major ones.
在社會主義制度之下，個人利益要服從集體利益，局部利益要服從整體利益，暫時利益要服從長遠利益，或者叫做小局服從大局，小道理服從大道理。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧！
Tomas: The geological hazards frequently happen these years, and there was an earthquake in Japan some days ago.
托馬斯：近些年各種地質(zhì)災害頻發(fā)，前不久日本又發(fā)生了地震。
Brian: Not only the geological hazards that often occur, the climate environment is deterioration.
布萊恩：不僅僅是地質(zhì)災害，氣候環(huán)境也在不斷惡化。
Tomas: Could it be true that the doomsday is coming as Maya people predicted?
托馬斯：難道真的像瑪雅人所說，地球的末日快到了？
Brian: That's a superstition.
布萊恩：那只是一種迷信。
Tomas: Well, what's the reason?
托馬斯：那么原因是什么呢？
Brian: It's human behavior that leads to these hazards.
布萊恩：是人類自己的行為導致了現(xiàn)在的災難。
Tomas: You think it's due to human factor, don't you?
托馬斯：你認為是人為因素？
Brian: Yes. For the purpose of development, people use the world resources without restriction in the past century, broke the geological structure, and cause the air and water pollution.
布萊恩：是的。為了發(fā)展，在過去的一個世紀中，人們無節(jié)制地利用地球資源，破壞地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，造成空氣和水的污染。
Tomas: Indeed. Many people suffer from rare diseases because of polluted air and water.
托馬斯：的確如此。很多人因為空氣和水污染而患上罕見的疾病。
Brian: The sky of the city is always covered with fumulus, and the stars cannot be seen.
布萊恩：在城市的上空永遠飄浮著一層煙霧，晚上也看不到星星。
Tomas: People just pay attention to their current benefits and ignore the long-term development.
托馬斯：人們只關注當前的利益而忽略未來的長期發(fā)展。
Brian: Not only the countries that only pay attention to short-term benefit, but many individuals. The farmers plant excessive vegetables and fruits on the limited land in order to gain more profits, which lead to the decrease of land quality and not suit for cultivation any more. People waste plenty of water, which causes severe water shortage in many areas. The drivers use the gases that doesn't meet the standard, which lead to serious air pollution.
布萊恩：不僅只國家關注短期利益，很多個人也同樣如此。農(nóng)民為了獲得更多收益，在有限的土地上種植過量的蔬菜和水果，導致土地質(zhì)量下降，不再適宜耕種。人們大量浪費水資源，使得很多地方嚴重缺水。司機使用不符合標準的汽油，導致空氣嚴重污染。
Tomas: These behaviors just satisfy the benefits of contemporary people, but harm to the rights of our offsprings.
托馬斯：這些行為僅僅滿足了當代人的利益，卻損害了未來人們的權利。
Brian: This phenomenon must attract people's attention.
布萊恩：這種現(xiàn)象必須要引起人們的高度重視。
Tomas: Although we cannot manage the country, but we could take account of both benefit and future from trival things.
托馬斯：盡管我們不能治理國家，但是可以從一些瑣事做起，兼顧利益與未來。
Brian: I can't agree more with your opinion.
布萊恩：我非常同意你的觀點。
