外國人最想和你聊的時事話題：過度耕作
- 雙語介紹
- 關(guān)鍵詞句
The influence of cultivation 過度耕作的影響
Soil cultivation is any process that re-arranges the soil by using some activity. For farmers, cultivation typically means running a tractor over their field with a plow or disc to break up the soil's surface. This is done prior to planting. Over-cultivation happens when for varying reasons too much cultivation results in damaged soil, the elimination of soil nutrients or various other conditions which damage the soil not allowing healthy plants to grow.
In the landscape, garden or lawn, we do the same thing. For small gardens this is usually done by hand with a shovel or fork. For larger areas a roto-tiller may be used. For lawns, an aerator is the best tool.
Care has to be taken not to over-cultivate the soil. Several bad things happen when we over-cultivate. Cultivation disrupts the soils natural structure. Extreme cultivation as is done with a roto-tiller, pulverizes the soil's structure in such a way that it may become even more compacted in a short period of time. Cultivation also brings weed seeds to the surface that may become a problem. Extreme cultivation also destroys earthworm populations.
Soils under adverse conditions may become compacted, that is, the soil loses its structure. The little pockets of air beneath the surface are squeezed together. Water and nutrients no longer move through the soil. It becomes more difficult for roots to grow.
Ideally, when we cultivate the soil, additional soil amendments should be added and incorporated into the cultivated soil. This will help keep the soil healthy and loose and less likely to become compacted as quickly if no additional amendments are added.
When the soil underneath your lawn becomes compacted, it reduces root growth as well as the grasses' recuperative ability, thus increasing a lawn's relative susceptibility to diseases.
Aeration improves shoot and root growth and recuperative ability, and decrease the likelihood of disease and insect damage.
Thatch is a partially decomposed layer comprised of roots, stems, rhizomes, crowns, and stolons situated above the soil surface. Up to a 1-1/2 "layer of thatch is beneficial and provides insulation to roots, reduces soil water evaporation, cushions playing surfaces, and may prevent soil compaction. However, thatch layers greater than 1/2" should be removed to avoid restricted water entry into the root zone, resulting in drought stress.
Several turf grass pathogens can survive in the thatch layer, including those that cause summer patch, leaf spot, and melting-out diseases. Bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass,and kikuyugrass produce more thatch than most other turf grasses and require regular dethatching. Equipment rental businesses often carry dethatching (verticutting) machines that are specifically designed to remove thatch from home lawns.
土地荒漠化（land desertification）是由于氣候變化（climate change）和人類不合理的經(jīng)濟活動(economic activity)等因素使干旱(arid)、半干旱(semiarid)和具有干旱災(zāi)害的半濕潤地區(qū)的土地發(fā)生退化(degradation)。土地荒漠化是全球性的環(huán)境災(zāi)害，它已影響到世界六大洲的100多個國家和地區(qū)，全球約有1/6的人口生活在這些地區(qū)。
導(dǎo)致荒漠化的人為活動主要有四方面：
(1) 不合理耕種或過度耕種(over cultivation)。土地中的養(yǎng)分(nutrient)和水分被農(nóng)作物大量吸收，而土地卻得不到足夠的有機質(zhì)(organic matter)和水分的補充；
(2) 不合理放牧或過度放牧(overgrazing)。牧場上牛羊吃草的量超過了土地能生長的草量，使土地裸露，水分蒸發(fā)，有機質(zhì)喪失；
(3) 在降雨(precipitation)不足以供應(yīng)農(nóng)作物需求的地方把牧區(qū)(pasturing area)改為耕地；
(4) 在樹木生長不易的地區(qū)砍光所有樹木。
Over-cultivate impoverish the soil.
過度耕作而使土壤變得貧瘠。
Forty percent of the Africans live in hopelessly overcrowded land, in some cases, drought-stricken reserves, where soil erosion and the overworking of the soil make it impossible for them to live properly off the land.
40％的黑人住在擁擠不堪的黑人居住區(qū)內(nèi)，有些居住區(qū)地處干旱地區(qū)，由于水土流失、過度耕作，人們已不可能靠土地為生。
Climatic factors include periods of temporary but severe drought and long-term climatic changes toward dryness. Human factors include artificial climatic alteration, as through the removal of vegetation, excessive cultivation, and the exhaustion of water supplies.
氣候因素包括有短暫但嚴重干旱的時期和長期趨向干燥的氣候變化。人類因素指氣候的人為改變，如破壞植被、過度耕作、因灌溉或工業(yè)用水而耗盡地面和地下水、露天剝采等，使干旱地區(qū)生物環(huán)境退化。
This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland.
這種人口激增已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了該國許多地區(qū)森林的消失及對現(xiàn)存農(nóng)田的過度耕作。
Over-cultivate ( again, widely practiced by "traditional" cultures) causes soil erosion and turns fertile pasture into desert.
過度耕作（同樣也被"傳統(tǒng)的"耕作所廣泛采用）導(dǎo)致了土壤侵蝕，并把肥沃的草原變成了沙漠。
Therefore if you go to reseed or replant your garden in the next spring, do not over-till the soil but rather simply dig small holes to plant the new seeds or sprouted plants from your hothouse.
因此，如果你在來年春季打算重新播種或改種，請不要過度耕作，而僅僅挖一些小洞來播種或移植來自溫室的幼苗。
Protecting cultivated land is always the foundation for increased grain production.
保護耕地始終是增產(chǎn)糧食的基礎(chǔ)。
In construction of coal mines the principle of protecting the cultivated land and utilizing the land rationally shall be adhered to.
煤礦建設(shè)應(yīng)當貫徹保護耕地、合理利用土地的原則。
We need to protect arable land, especially basic farmland, stabilize the acreage sown to grain, and expand overall grain production capacity.
我們要切實保護耕地，特別是基本農(nóng)田，穩(wěn)定糧食播種面積，不斷提高糧食綜合生產(chǎn)能力。
People's governments at various levels must value and make a rational use of land, and earnestly protect cultivated land.
各級人民政府必須珍惜和合理利用土地，切實保護耕地。
The overall plan for land use was formulated and implemented by government, and the land use management system was strictly enforced, effectively protecting farmland.
政府制定并實施了土地利用總體規(guī)劃，實行嚴格的土地用途管理制度，切實保護耕地。
Over-cultivate make plenty of farmers swarm into cities, which severely affect the social stability.
過度耕作使得大量農(nóng)民涌入城市，嚴重影響了社會的穩(wěn)定。
The relative departments of government should decree some related policy to protect the farmland and guarantee farmers' rights.
政府相關(guān)部門應(yīng)當出臺相關(guān)政策保護耕地，確保農(nóng)民的利益。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧！
Emma: Good morning, Paul.
艾瑪：早上好，保羅。
Paul: Good morning, Emma.
保羅：早上好，艾瑪。
Emma: The sandstorm today is so serious, both my eyes and mouth are full of sands.
艾瑪：今天的沙塵暴太嚴重了，我的眼睛和嘴巴里面都是沙子。
Paul: The sandstorm these years are increasingly severe, and the environment protection has to attract people's attention.
保羅：近些年來沙塵暴越來越嚴重了，環(huán)境保護不得不引起人們的關(guān)注了。
Emma: The sandstorm is closely related to over-cultivation.
艾瑪：沙塵暴和過度耕種有很大的關(guān)系。
Paul: Why?
保羅：為什么？
Emma: Over-cultivation takes many forests, which diminish the trees from resisting sandstorm.
艾瑪：過度耕種占用了大量的森林，使得樹木對風沙的阻擋作用減弱。
Paul: Since many lands are used to cultivate, why do we always lack of food?
保羅：既然占用了那么多土地進行耕作，為什么還總是糧食短缺呢？
Emma: Over-cultivation not only invades and occupies the forests, the use of fertilizers and pesticides also destroy the nutrient of land, which lead to the gradual decrease of grain output.
艾瑪：過度耕作不僅侵占了森林，而且化肥和農(nóng)藥的使用也使得土地營養(yǎng)受到破壞，種植的糧食產(chǎn)量也逐年下降。
Paul: Our government should take some measurements to deal with this situation.
保羅：政府應(yīng)當采取措施應(yīng)對這種狀況。
Emma: In recent years, the government is requiring to return the grain plots to forestry and grass for the purpose of decreasing the environmental destruction.
艾瑪：近年來政府一直都要求退耕還林、退耕還草，減少過度耕作對環(huán)境的破壞。
Paul: Well why are there still sandstorms?
保羅：那么為什么還會有沙塵暴呢？
Emma: It is easier to break the environment than repair it, which need years of endeavor.
艾瑪：破壞環(huán)境容易，修復(fù)環(huán)境難。這需要很多年持續(xù)的努力。
Paul: People always purchase their profit and ignore the negative effects to environment.
保羅：人們總是為了自己的利益而忽略對環(huán)境造成的影響。
Emma: After experiencing the environment deterioration these years, I believe that people will increase their awareness of environment protection.
艾瑪：經(jīng)歷了這些年的環(huán)境惡化，相信人們會提高自己的環(huán)保意識。
Paul: All the environmental treatment measures are external, and it is most significant to enhance people's awareness.
保羅：所有的環(huán)境治理措施都是外部的，最重要的還是要提高人們的意識。
Emma: I can't agree more with your opinion.
艾瑪：我非常同意你的觀點。
Paul: Ok, I'll wash my face, it's too dirty!
保羅：好吧。我先去洗臉，簡直是太臟啦！
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