同義置換典型題型填空題的讀與解

　　雅思閱讀中的填空題(SUMMARY)一向被考生們認為是“老大難”題型，因為答案唯一既定，又不能胡亂猜測。針對這一棘手題型，本文將就其讀題和解題的技巧進行分析。

　　一、 填空題的讀題與解題

　?、盘羁疹}主要分為兩類：一種是題目集中爆發(fā)在文中一到二個段落，另一種是題目貫穿在文中多個段落，前者下文稱為“無備選項”，后者下文稱為“有備選項”。

　　①“無備選項”的填空題特征：題干內(nèi)容分布在原文1-2段中，因此要求考生準(zhǔn)確定位題干在原文中的出處，然后主意要填寫原文原詞即可。

　　②“有備選項”的填空題特征：題干內(nèi)容分布在原文多個段落中，比較零散，找題難度較大;要求考生找出原文原詞后，從備選項表格中找出跟原文原詞同義置換的選項，解題難度較大。

　?、谱x題“四步走”。

　　①第一步：精讀填空題題干的首段首句。

　　無論有備選項還是無備選項，首句一般不設(shè)空，因此通過劃找首句的關(guān)鍵詞，能夠幫助考生會原文準(zhǔn)確定位出題方位，避免時間的浪費。通常，可以作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位的包括：人名、地名、機構(gòu)、時間、年代、數(shù)字、專有名詞。

　?、诘诙剑禾幚淼谝粋€空格

　　如果首句模糊或首句設(shè)有空格，就要按照以下2步來處理第一個空格：第一，根據(jù)空格前后內(nèi)容初步判斷空格詞性。一般填空題的題干詞性都是名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞，以前三者為主。第二，劃找“空前空后詞”，這里所謂的“空前空后詞”不是實際意義上的空前空后詞，而是那些能夠提示空格內(nèi)容的詞組和結(jié)構(gòu)。

　?、鄣谌剑豪^續(xù)處理其余空格

　　填空題的出題順序也是按照原文行文順序來的，考生按照處理第一個空格的方式繼續(xù)處理其余空格即可。即便有逆向出題或是亂序，也是少數(shù)，而且也只會是兩個近似空格的亂序。

　?、艿谒牟剑好芮凶⒁馔x置換

　　填空題百分百考察同義置換——包括題干關(guān)鍵詞的同義置換(無備選項)和空格內(nèi)容的同義置換(有備選項)。同義置換有以下六大種：原文原詞;詞性變化(necessary VS necessity);時態(tài)變化(主動VS被動);同義詞(tight VS restricted;evolve VS develop);圖表(原文如有圖表，則有一題答案來自圖表);歸納總結(jié)。

　　二、以下是真題解析版

　　Paper Recycling

　　Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33% waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

　　Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

　　Question 1-7

　　Complete the summary blow of the reading passage. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.

　　From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (1) and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is (2) . Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and (3) to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by (4) to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of ink from used paper but (5) are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower (6) than before and to sort our waste paper by removing (7) before discarding it for collection.

　?、傧忍幚淼谝豢誇rom the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is (1) ，考生應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)空前詞is提示第一空詞性為單數(shù)名詞或形容詞。

　?、谌缓髣澱铱涨霸~，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)對paper has two advantages中的two敏感，因為后文很快出現(xiàn)firstly提示第一空是包含在“第一大優(yōu)勢”中的，而第一空的空前詞還有a resource，說明第一空要填的詞一定是修飾resource的。

　?、刍卦亩ㄎ籸esource出現(xiàn)在Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees.一句中，而resource之前正有sustainable一詞修飾，顯然是形容詞，跟我們之前判斷第一空詞性是吻合的。

　?、芴羁疹}不用擔(dān)心原文原詞讀不懂，考生完全可以在不知道sustainable一詞意思情況下判斷出這就是要填入第一空的答案。

　?、萏羁疹}注意事項：

　　注意審題——題目會對每個空格的字數(shù)有所限制，如果考生發(fā)現(xiàn)自己尋找的答案字數(shù)多余題目限定字數(shù)，這就是在給你發(fā)出警訊：你的答案找錯了。

　　注意判斷空格詞性——如果空前詞是諸如a或an，就說明空格是單數(shù)名詞;如果空前詞是is或are，就說明空格是名詞或形容詞;如果空后詞有and或or，一定要以and或or之后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容作為定位詞，因為在原文中and或or前后的內(nèi)容一定是并列出現(xiàn)的。

　　注意“無備選項”填空題多數(shù)是填寫原文原詞——考生要對原文的名詞復(fù)數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞看清楚，不要漏填錯填。

　　以上是填空題的讀題和解題思路，填空題是考察“同義置換”的典型題型，也是考查考生們對原文細節(jié)尋找和把握的能力?？忌鷤円欢ㄒ趶?fù)習(xí)備考過程中有針對性地積累大量同義置換高頻詞，還要帶著此類題型的“戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)”去研究至少兩套閱讀真題，真正做到技巧和做題相結(jié)合的“練兵”，才能找出自己的薄弱點，各個擊破。