什么樣的食物在“殺害”我們？

什么樣的食物在“殺害”我們？

Which risk factor is responsible for more deaths around the world than any other? Not smoking. Not even high blood pressure. It's a poor diet.

哪個風險因素導致世界各地死亡人數最多?不是吸煙。甚至不是高血壓。這是不良的飲食習慣。

"In many countries, poor diet now causes more deaths than tobacco smoking and high blood pressure," said Ashkan Afshin, an assistant professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.

華盛頓大學健康指標與評估研究所助理教授阿什坎·阿夫辛說:“在許多國家，不良飲食導致的死亡比吸煙和高血壓還多。”

And it's not just that people are choosing unhealthy options such as red meat and sugary sodas. Just as critical, said Afshin, the lead author of a 27-year global diet analysis published Wednesday in the journal the Lancet, is the lack of healthy foods in our diets, along with high levels of salt.

不僅僅是因為人們選擇了不健康的食物，比如紅肉和含糖汽水。《柳葉刀》雜志周三發(fā)表了一篇歷時27年的全球飲食分析報告，其主要作者阿夫辛說，同樣重要的是，我們的飲食中缺乏健康食品，同時鹽的含量也很高。

"While traditionally all the conversation about healthy diet has been focused on lowering the intake of unhealthy food, in this study, we have shown that, at the population level, a low intake of healthy foods is the more important factor, rather than the high intake of unhealthy foods," he said.

他說:“雖然傳統(tǒng)上所有關于健康飲食的討論都集中在降低不健康食品的攝入量上，但在這項研究中，我們已經表明，在人口水平上，健康食品的低攝入量比不健康食品的高攝入量更重要。”

One in five deaths globally -- that's about 11 million people -- in 2017 occurred because of too much sodium and a lack of whole grains, fruit and nuts and seeds, the study found, rather than from diets packed with trans fats, sugar-sweetened drinks and high levels of red and processed meats.

全球五分之一的死亡——大約1100萬人——在2017年發(fā)生,因為過多的鈉和缺乏全谷物,水果和堅果和種子,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),而不是因為飲食中含有反式脂肪、含糖飲料和大量的紅肉和加工肉類。

In the analysis, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Afshin and his colleagues looked at 15 dietary risk factors and their impact on death and disability. High levels of unhealthy red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans fatty acids and salt -- all known to be health risks -- were compared with the effects of a diet low in many healthy foods. Those healthy items included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, calcium, nuts and seeds, fiber, legumes or beans, omega-3 fatty acids from seafood, and polyunsaturated fats, the good-for-you fats found in salmon, vegetable oils and some nuts and seeds.

在這項由比爾和梅林達·蓋茨基金會資助的分析中，Afshin和他的同事們研究了15種飲食風險因素及其對死亡和殘疾的影響。高水平的不健康紅肉和加工肉類、含糖飲料、反式脂肪酸和鹽——所有這些都是已知的健康風險——與許多健康食品中低含量飲食的影響進行了比較。這些健康食品包括水果、蔬菜、全谷物、牛奶、鈣、堅果和種子、纖維、豆類或豆類、海產品中的omega-3脂肪酸，以及多不飽和脂肪，鮭魚、植物油和一些堅果和種子中含有的有益健康的脂肪。

Except salt, which was a key risk factor in most countries, the study found red and processed meats, trans fats and sugary drinks toward the bottom of the risk chart for most countries.

除了鹽，鹽在大多數國家是一個關鍵的風險因素，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對大多數國家來說，紅肉和加工肉類、反式脂肪和含糖飲料的風險最低。

In fact, more than half of all global diet-related deaths in 2017 were due to just three risk factors: eating too much salt, not enough whole grains and not enough fruit. Those risks held true regardless of socioeconomic level of most nations, Afshin said.

事實上，2017年全球超過一半的與飲食相關的死亡僅僅是由三個風險因素造成的:吃太多的鹽，沒有足夠的全谷物和水果。Afshin說，無論大多數國家的社會經濟水平如何，這些風險都是真實存在的。

The new study is part of the yearly Global Burden of Disease report, prepared by a consortium of thousands of researchers that tracks premature death and disability from more than 350 diseases and injuries in 195 countries.

這項新研究是“全球疾病負擔年度報告”(Global Burden Of Disease Report)的一部分，該報告由一個由數千名研究人員組成的聯(lián)盟編寫，跟蹤195個國家的350多種疾病和傷害中的過早死亡和殘疾。

In January, the consortium released its "diet for a healthy planet," which said that cutting red meat and sugar consumption in half and upping intake of fruits, vegetables and nuts could prevent up to 11.6 million premature deaths without harming the planet.

今年1月，該財團發(fā)布了“健康星球的飲食”，稱將紅肉和糖的消耗量減半，增加水果、蔬菜和堅果的攝入量，可以在不損害地球的情況下，防止多達1160萬人過早死亡。

Afshin said an overview of the current study, but few of the details, was in last year's Global Burden of Disease report, making this year's version "the most comprehensive analysis on the health effects of diet ever conducted," despite some methodological flaws and gaps in data from underdeveloped countries.

阿夫申表示，去年的“全球疾病負擔報告”(Global Burden Of Disease Report)對當前研究進行了概述，但細節(jié)很少，這使得今年的報告成為“有史以來對飲食健康影響進行的最全面的分析”，盡管欠發(fā)達國家的數據存在一些方法論上的缺陷和差距。