大學(xué)英語六級翻譯技法:(三)替代法

(三)替代法

在體現(xiàn)篇章連貫方面,漢語多用重復(fù),而英語多用替代手法。這一差異除了語用傳統(tǒng)等歷史因素之外,可能是由于漢語人稱代詞“他(們)”、“她(們)”與“它(們)”在語音上完全一樣,很容易造成誤解的緣故,而英語中則不存在由于發(fā)音相同而產(chǎn)生的指代關(guān)系混淆。因此漢語重復(fù)出現(xiàn)名詞的地方,英語中常用代詞替代。

I.用人稱代詞替代上文提到的名詞

1)人們仿佛把時間當(dāng)成一件實在的東西來對待。我們籌劃時間,節(jié)約時間,浪費時間,偷取時間,消磨時間,壓縮時間,我們?yōu)闀r間的使用做出解釋,我們還為時間收取費用。

Time is treated as if it were something almost real.We budget it,save it,waste it,steal it,kill it,cut it,account for it;we also charge for it.

2)荷蘭是歐洲唯一允許安樂死的國家,盡管嚴格意義上說安樂死在荷蘭不合法。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia,although it is not technically legal there.

3)如果你經(jīng)久地,堅定地在你的想象中給自己描繪一個形象,你將會被引往這個形象。

Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough in your mind's eye,and you will be drawn toward it.

II.用物主代詞替代上文提到的名詞

1)富人有富人的煩惱,窮人有窮人的快樂。

While the rich have their own troubles,the poor have their own happiness.

2)要相信群眾,依靠群眾,尊重群眾的首創(chuàng)精神。

Trust the masses,rely on the masses and respect their initiative.

3)你的父母可能想讓你的名字用一輩子,但你要記住,他們?yōu)槟闫鹈值臅r候幾乎還沒見過你呢,所以他們?nèi)∶謺r所懷的愿望和夢想不見得符合你的愿望和夢想。

Though your parents probably meant your name to last a lifetime,remember that when they picked it they had hardly met you,and the hopes and dreams they valued when they chose it may not match yours.

III.用強勢關(guān)系代詞或強勢關(guān)系副詞whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,wherever來替代漢語中的重復(fù)。

1)你可以什么時候有空什么時候去那兒。

You may go there whenever you are free.

2)你愿意告訴誰就告訴誰——對我來說無所謂。

Tell whoever you like—it makes no difference to me.

3)所有這些書都是免費的,你喜歡哪本就拿哪本。

All these books are free.You may take whichever you like.

4)哪里有緊急情況發(fā)生,哪里就有人民解放軍戰(zhàn)士。

Wherever emergency occurs,there are soldiers of the People's Liberation Army.

IV.英語還常用one,ones,so等其他代詞替代前文的內(nèi)容

1)有些城市失去了本來的目的,但還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)新的目的。

Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found a new one.

2)當(dāng)人們實際只提出功能性問題時,計算機可能使人造成這樣的錯覺,他們提出的是根本性的問題。

The computer may foster the illusion that people are asking fundamental questions when actually they are asking only functional ones.

3)他離婚了,我也離了。

He is divorced and so am I.

4)在體育比賽中,如果同時有白人和黑人在場,他們分別支持相互對立的一方,其結(jié)果便是摩擦——摩擦太多以至于許多比賽場地只允許白人進入。

At sports events,if whites and blacks are present,they support opposing sides and the result is friction—so much so that in many grounds only whites are allowed.

V.英語中除了用代詞之外,還經(jīng)常用同義詞或近義詞來指代上文提到的內(nèi)容,以避免重復(fù)

1)他們說,科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說由于偉大天才的真知灼見,不如說是由于更為普通的東西,如技術(shù)和工具的改進。

Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

2)所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史研究中各個具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

3)有些哲學(xué)家說,權(quán)利只存在于社會契約中,是責(zé)任與權(quán)利相交換的一部分。

Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.