托福寫作技巧：詳解托福寫作多樣化表達(dá)的策略

　　在托福寫作過程中，詞匯使用的貧乏是讓很多初入托福備考學(xué)生的一個(gè)提分難點(diǎn)。無論怎樣的一篇文章，“認(rèn)為”就是think;每逢“因?yàn)?rdquo;就是because，“意識(shí)到”就是realize，“想到”就是think of。其實(shí)，想要讓自己的文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)，詞匯也并不是唯一的突破口，下面我們就來談?wù)?a href="http://pm4x.cn/list-7675-1.html" target="_blank" class="keylink">托福寫作多樣化表達(dá)策略方法。

　　句子多樣性

　　單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長(zhǎng)度相近的句子使作文呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生動(dòng)性和說服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)則使作文語言生動(dòng)，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

　　長(zhǎng)短句變換：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句交替運(yùn)用

　　長(zhǎng)句準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)，長(zhǎng)于說明推理;短句簡(jiǎn)潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動(dòng)作，表明主旨，總結(jié)歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長(zhǎng)，在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，交替使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，以達(dá)到“段間長(zhǎng)短不一，全篇句式萬千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恒的新鮮感。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化：我們學(xué)過非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(包括不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu))，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，特殊否定結(jié)構(gòu)，it結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中或作主語、賓語，或作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語，或作定語修飾名詞，或作狀語表示條件、原因、讓步、時(shí)間、方式、目的、結(jié)果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)化大部分英語(精品課)從句，產(chǎn)生語言簡(jiǎn)練，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣的效果，請(qǐng)看下列轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)例：

　　名詞從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. That John won the marathon surprised us.

　　John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.

　　2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.

　　I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.

　　定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

　　2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

　　3. The next train that arrives is from New York.

　　狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　2. When they are heated metals expand.

　　(When) Heated, metals expand.

　　3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.

　　…in order for the audience to understand me.

　　5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.

　　United, we stand; divided, we fail.

　　6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點(diǎn)，原因就在于由于漢語寫作慣性，中國(guó)學(xué)生很少能想到使用該結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上是SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的省略，包括形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(即同位結(jié)構(gòu))和介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，往往放在句子開頭，以逗號(hào)同主句隔開，表示原因、條件、讓步、補(bǔ)充說明，伴隨狀況等意義。請(qǐng)看下列例子：

　　形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)

　　2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨狀語)

　　3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)

　　4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)

　　5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)

　　名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人), Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語)

　　7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)

　　8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠(chéng)懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)

　　介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)

　　10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)

　　由于寫作慣性，同學(xué)們寫英語作文時(shí)，很可能不會(huì)想到上述結(jié)構(gòu)，而是寫成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫成：

　　1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.

　　2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.

　　相比之下不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)比分句效果更好，更地道，更簡(jiǎn)練，同時(shí)又豐富了作文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅讓讀者和閱卷老師為之眼前一亮!