金雀花王朝是個(gè)怎樣動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代？牛津大學(xué)是怎樣發(fā)展起來(lái)的

今天的這段對(duì)話，在討論英國(guó)，
 
金雀花王朝是個(gè)怎樣動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代？牛津大學(xué)是怎樣發(fā)展起來(lái)的
 
來(lái)聽(tīng)今天的講解:
 
A: Mind if I join you?
 
我能加人嗎？
 
B: Not at all. Hi, I’m Yang Li.
 
當(dāng)然可以。嗨，我是楊麗。
 
A: Denise. Nice to meet you!
 
丹尼斯。很高興認(rèn)識(shí)你。
 
B: Nice to meet you too! How long have you been in Beijing?
 
我也很高興認(rèn)識(shí)你。你來(lái)北京多久了？
 
A: No more than half a year. I have just studied in Beijing for a semester.
 
不超過(guò)半年。我只在北京學(xué)習(xí)了一個(gè)學(xué)期。
 
B: Oh，do you get used to living here?
 
哦，你在這里生活還習(xí)慣嗎？
 
A: I’m still easing into it. China’s like a different world, you know. Everything is so different from Britain.
 
我還在慢慢適應(yīng)。你知道，中國(guó)就像個(gè)完全不同的世界。每樣?xùn)|西都跟英國(guó)不一樣。
 
B: Whoa. You’re from Britain!
 
哇。你來(lái)自英國(guó)呀！
 
A: Yeah! What’s wrong?
 
是?。≡趺戳?？
 
B: Great! I’m extremely interested in British history and culture. I’m now reading a book about British history, which refers to the Plantagenet House. I，m totally confused! Could you please explain it to me?
 
好極了！我對(duì)英國(guó)的歷史和文化很感興趣。我現(xiàn)在正在讀一本有關(guān)英國(guó)歷史的書(shū)，里面提到了金雀花王朝，我完全糊涂了！你可以給我講講嗎？
 
A:Ok. The Plantagenet House is a royal family of France and ruled the kingdom of England between 1154 and 1458. Though there are a great many monarchs at that time, you only need to know those influential monarchs, for example Henry II， Richard I，John, Henry III，Edward I，Edward III，Richard II，and so on.
 
沒(méi)問(wèn)題。金雀花王朝是法國(guó)王室家族，它在1154-1458年間統(tǒng)治著英格蘭王國(guó)。雖然那時(shí)候的君主很多，不過(guò)你只需要知道一些影響力較大的就可以了，比如：亨利二世、查理一世、約翰、亨利三世、愛(ài)德華一世、愛(ài)德華三世和査理二世等。
 
B: It’s really a time of upheaval!
 
真是動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代??！
 
A: Quite right. As thus, a distinctive English culture and art emerged during the sector Plantagenet era. Meanwhile, there were also lasting developments in the social sector, for instance, Magna Carta signed by John of England promoted the development of common law and constitutional law. Political institutions such as the Parliament of England and the Model Parliament originate from that period of time. Furthermore, world known universities like Oxford and Cambridge were founded at that time.
 
你說(shuō)得很對(duì)。因此，別具一格的英國(guó)文化和藝術(shù)在金雀花時(shí)代誕生了。同時(shí)，英國(guó)社會(huì)也得到了發(fā)展，那些發(fā)展影響深遠(yuǎn)，比如，約翰簽署的《大憲章》推動(dòng)了普通法和憲法的發(fā)展。英國(guó)議會(huì)與國(guó)會(huì)的政治體制也源于那個(gè)時(shí)代。而且，就連牛津和劍橋這樣聞名世界的大學(xué)也是在那個(gè)時(shí)代建立起來(lái)的。
 
B: Really? It is quite inconceivable that universities were established and developed during the era with eventful political climate.
 
真的嗎？在那種政局多變的年代，大學(xué)能夠建立并發(fā)展是一件多么不可思議的事情啊。
 
A: Actually, the Oxford University was founded accidentally. Originally, only teaching existed at Oxford. In 1167，Henry II conflicted with his family in France because of territory，which caused the scholars studying in the University of Paris back to England. Henry II encouraged these scholars to come to Oxford and continue their studies there. It was not until 1214 that Oxford was recognized as a university by the Church and the first Chancellor.
 
其實(shí)，牛津大學(xué)的建立純屬偶然。最初，只是有人在牛津教書(shū)。1167年，亨利二世因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)土問(wèn)題和他的法國(guó)家族發(fā)生沖突，那些在巴黎大學(xué)的英國(guó)學(xué)者 們被迫回國(guó)。亨利二世鼓勵(lì)這些人到牛津城繼續(xù)他們的學(xué)業(yè)。直到1214年，牛津大學(xué)才得到教會(huì)和第一大臣的認(rèn)可。
 
B: Ah, it seems that the patronage of Henry II played an extremely important role in the development of the Oxford University.
 
啊，看來(lái)亨利二世的支持對(duì)牛津大學(xué)的發(fā)展起著極其重要的作用啊。
 
A: Absolutely! However, the locals and scholars couldn’t get along with each other. There were friction and conflict between them frequently, leaving a couple of people dead.
 
絕對(duì)是這樣！但是，當(dāng)?shù)厝烁@些學(xué)者們卻不能和睦相處。他們之間經(jīng)常有摩擦和沖突，也因此死了好多人。
 
B: Why couldn’t they live together harmoniously?
 
他們?yōu)槭裁床荒芎湍老嗵幠兀?br />  
A: Maybe for different habits. At first, many students lodged with the townspeople, which produced some unavoidable contraventions. Later, as the establishment of halls of residence and colleges, the problem was solved.
 
習(xí)慣不同吧。一開(kāi)始,很多學(xué)生在市民家里寄宿，這就不可避免地產(chǎn)生了矛盾。后來(lái)，牛津大學(xué)建起了學(xué)生宿舍和學(xué)院，問(wèn)題也就迎刃而解了。
 
B: Well, hadn’t the turbulent political situation threatened the University? Take the Hundred Years’ War for an example, which was motivated by Edward III.
 
那么，那動(dòng)蕩的政局設(shè)有對(duì)牛津大學(xué)造成威脅嗎？比如，愛(ài)德華三世發(fā)動(dòng)的百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
 
A: How to say... There must be influence, but not fatal. Did you hear of All Soul College of Oxford?
 
怎么說(shuō)呢……影響肯定是有的，但不是致命的。你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)牛津大學(xué)的眾靈學(xué)院?jiǎn)幔?br />  
B: Yes, I did. What’s up?
 
嗯，我聽(tīng)過(guò)。怎么了？
 
A: One of its tasks is to pray usually for soldiers killed in the Hundred Years，War.
 
它的職責(zé)之一就是經(jīng)常為百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中陣亡的戰(zhàn)士做彌撒，并為他們祈禱。
 
B: I see. Thanks very much for your explanation.
 
我明白了。非常感謝你為我荅疑解惑。
 
A: My pleasure!
 
不客氣！