中級(jí)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)that、which和 who定語(yǔ)從句

所屬教程:中級(jí)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)

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一.本課要點(diǎn)及示例

   在這一課里,我們要學(xué)習(xí)以that, t-h-a-t,that, which, w-h-i-c-h,which和who, w-h-o, who 開(kāi)頭的短句. 這種短句在整個(gè)句子里有修飾的功用.首先我們還是聽(tīng)一段對(duì)話,    內(nèi)容是說(shuō)彼得和瑪麗快要畢業(yè)了, 兩個(gè)人見(jiàn)面談起畢業(yè)典禮的事情. 請(qǐng)你注意聽(tīng)兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語(yǔ)調(diào).

   F: Next week we graduate from high school. I can hardly wait.
   M: But first there are two more examinations which I have to pass.
   F: And there are three more papers that I have to write.
   M: Did you get your cap and robe for the graduation ceremony?
   F: Yes, but the robe which they gave me is too long. The person who gave it to me told   me to take it back.
   M: The one that they gave me is too short. Maybe we should trade.

   在剛才那段對(duì)話里有些句子包含了用 that, which 和 who 開(kāi)頭的短句, 現(xiàn)在我
   請(qǐng)英文老師再把這些句子念一遍給你聽(tīng).

   M: There are two more examinations which I have to pass.
   F: There are three more papers that I have to write.
   F: The robe which they gave me is too long.
   F: The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.
   M: The one that they gave me is too short.

二.THAT

   聽(tīng)了剛才那段對(duì)話, 你可能已經(jīng)注意到用一個(gè)短句來(lái)修飾一個(gè)詞的時(shí)候, 它的位置是在那個(gè)詞的后面,比方: "穿著長(zhǎng)禮服戴著方帽子的學(xué)生," 英文應(yīng)該這樣說(shuō):The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops.現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)練習(xí)這類句子, 每個(gè)句子都跟彼得和瑪麗快要畢業(yè)有關(guān)系. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你注意聽(tīng)男老師念句子. 然后跟著女老師把句子重復(fù)一遍.

   M: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.
   F: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.
   M: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.
   F: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.
   M: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.
   F: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.
   M: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.
   F: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.

三.WHICH

   剛才那些句子里用來(lái)修飾的短句都是用that 開(kāi)頭的, that 可以用來(lái)指人或是東西. 但是在專門(mén)指東西或事情的時(shí)候可以用 which,     w-h-i-c-h, which 代替. The robe that they gave Mary is too long. 這句話也可以這樣說(shuō): The robe which they gave Mary is too long.

   下面我們作一組練習(xí), 學(xué)學(xué)這種句子,    練習(xí)的作法是由老師用 "什么" what 提出一個(gè)問(wèn)句, 比方 "什么是文憑?" What is a diploma? 然后老師念一個(gè)用 which開(kāi)頭的短句修飾的詞, 比方 "高中畢業(yè)生得到的文件"    The paper which a high school graduate receives, 所以剛才那個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案就是:   "文憑是高中畢業(yè)生得到的文件." A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives. 在這組練習(xí)里, 你可以學(xué)習(xí)到怎么用英文來(lái)解釋什么是     "學(xué)位" degree, d-e-g-r-e-e, degree, 什么是 "畢業(yè)舞會(huì)" prom, p-r-o-m, prom 等等. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你注意聽(tīng)老師問(wèn)問(wèn)題, 并且在學(xué)生回答問(wèn)題的時(shí)候也一起回答.

   M: What is a graduation robe?
   M: the robe which the graduates wear
   F: A graduation robe is the robe which the graduates wear.
   M: What is a graduation ceremony?
   M: a ceremony which the graduates attend
   F: A graduation ceremony is a ceremony which the graduates attend.
   M: What is a diploma?
   M: the paper which a high school graduate receives
   F: A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives.
   M: What is a degree?
   M: the paper which a university or college graduate receives
   F: A degree is the paper which a university or college graduate receives.
   M: What is a prom?
   M: the dance which the graduates go to
   F: A prom is the dance which the graduates go to.

四.WHO

   下面我們來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)用 who, w-h-o, who 作剛才那種短句, 比方有一句話: "老師就是教書(shū)的人"   A teacher is a person who teaches.    在這句話里, who 指的就是"人" person p-e-r-s-o-n, person.下面我們來(lái)作一組練習(xí),首先由老師提出一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句. 比方: "誰(shuí)將在典禮上致辭?" Who will give a speech at the ceremony? 接著老師念出一個(gè)用 who 開(kāi)頭的短句修飾的詞. 比方: "參加畢業(yè)典禮的官員們" The officials who attend the graduation ceremony.   所以剛才那個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案就是:    "參加畢業(yè)典禮的官員們將在典禮上致辭." The officials who attend the graduation ceremony will give a speech at the ceremony. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你注意聽(tīng)老師問(wèn)問(wèn)題,    并且在學(xué)生回答問(wèn)題的時(shí)候也一起回答.

   M: Who will wear long robes and caps with square tops?
   M: the students who graduate
   F: The students who graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.
   M: Who will attend the graduation ceremony?
   M: the students who graduate
   F: The students who graduate will attend the graduation ceremony.
   M: Who will receive a diploma?
   M: the students who graduate from high schools
   F: The students who graduate from high schools will receive a diploma.
   M: Who will receive a degree?
   M: the students who graduate from universities or colleges
   F: The students who graduate from universities or colleges will receive a degree.
   M: Who will make a speech at the ceremony?
   M: the graduate who has the best record in school
   F: The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech at the ceremony.

五.從句修飾賓語(yǔ)

   現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)學(xué)習(xí)用短句.    在剛才作的幾組練習(xí)里用的短句都是用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)的. 下面我們要用這種短句來(lái)修飾賓語(yǔ). 比方有一句話: "父母和朋友向畢業(yè)的學(xué)生祝賀. "Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated. 在這句話里, 短句 who graduated 修飾句子里的賓語(yǔ) the students.下面我們來(lái)作一組練習(xí)把兩句簡(jiǎn)單的話合并成用短句修飾賓語(yǔ)的句子.    練習(xí)的作法是這樣的: 老師先念一個(gè)句子 "彼得跟學(xué)生閑談"    Peter chatted with the students, 接著老師又念第二個(gè)句子 "典禮中坐在他附近的學(xué)生"    The students sat near him at the ceremony.請(qǐng)你用 who 把第二個(gè)句子改為短句, 用來(lái)修飾第一句話里的 "學(xué)生", 所以答案就是 Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony. 現(xiàn)在我們開(kāi)始作練習(xí), 每作完一句還是請(qǐng)你聽(tīng)正確答案.

   M: Peter talked to the student.
   M: The student gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.
   F: Peter talked to the student who gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.
   M: Peter chatted with the students.
   M: The students sat near him at the ceremony.
   F: Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony.
   M: Parents and friends congratulated the students.
   M: The students graduated.
   F: Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated.
   M: Students met their friends and relatives.
   M: Their friends and relatives came to the graduation ceremony.
   F: Students met their friends and relatives who came to the graduation ceremony.
   M: The graduates took pictures of their friends.
   M: Their friends were in the same classes.
   F: The graduates took pictures of their friends who were in the same classes.

   下面我們用同樣的方式練習(xí)怎么用以 which 開(kāi)頭的短句來(lái)形容一個(gè)句子的賓語(yǔ), 比方老師說(shuō): "學(xué)生聽(tīng)演講" Students listened to the speech. 接著老師又說(shuō):"校長(zhǎng)在典禮中演講" The principal gave a speech at the ceremony. 你就把第二句話改成短句來(lái)修飾第一句話里的賓語(yǔ) " 演講",    所以正確答案就是 Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony. 好, 現(xiàn)在我們開(kāi)始作練習(xí), 每作完一句就請(qǐng)你聽(tīng)正確答案.

   M: Mary didn't like the robe.
   M: She got the robe for the graduation ceremony.
   F: Mary didn't like the robe which she got for the graduation ceremony.
   M: Mary wore the robe.
   M: She traded the robe with Peter.
   F: Mary wore the robe which she traded with Peter.
   M: Students listened to the speech.
   M: The principal gave a speech at the ceremony.
   F: Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony.
   M: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas.
   M: They earned the diplomas.
   F: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas which they earned.
   M: Students showed each other the pictures.
   M: They took the pictures.
   F: Students showed each other the pictures which they took.
   M: Students danced to the music.
   M: The band played music at the prom.
   F: Students danced to the music which the band played at the prom.

六.聽(tīng)短文回答問(wèn)題

   今天我們要聽(tīng)的文章是談到美國(guó)中學(xué)和大學(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮. 文章里許多句子都是我們剛才練習(xí)過(guò)的, 比方哪些學(xué)生可以畢業(yè), 在典禮上誰(shuí)致辭, 典禮之后舉行畢業(yè)舞會(huì), 畢業(yè)典禮是令人回味的活動(dòng)等等.現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你注意聽(tīng).

   In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day. The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate. The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium. The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates.   Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops. The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech. The school principal and other officials will also make speeches. Then each graduate will    receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school. The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma. The paper which the students receive in college is a degree. After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them. They take pictures of each other. They    will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom. Graduation is a memorable event.

   剛才那段文章你聽(tīng)懂了嗎? 等一會(huì)兒我會(huì)請(qǐng)英文老師再用慢速度念一遍給你聽(tīng). 現(xiàn)在我們先來(lái)聽(tīng)今天測(cè)驗(yàn)的三個(gè)問(wèn)題.

   第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?
   第二個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?
   第三個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: What do students often do after the ceremony?

   現(xiàn)在我們?cè)俾?tīng)英文老師用慢速度把整段文章念一遍.

    In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day. The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate. The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium. The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates.   Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops. The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech. The school principal and other officials will also make speeches. Then each graduate will    receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school. The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma. The paper which the students receive in college is a degree. After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them. They take pictures of each other. They    will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom. Graduation is a memorable event.

   現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你回答今天測(cè)驗(yàn)的三個(gè)問(wèn)題, 回答之后請(qǐng)你聽(tīng)老師念正確答案.

   第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?
   F: The school principal, officials,the graduates, their teachers, parents and friends attend the graduation ceremony.
   第二個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?
   F: They listen to speeches, and they receive diplomas or degrees.
   第三個(gè)問(wèn)題是:
   M: What do students often do after the ceremony?
   F: They chat with their teachers, friends and relatives.They also take pictures of each other