波音和FAA因737 Max噴氣式飛機被安全專家譴責

波音和FAA因737 Max噴氣式飛機被安全專家譴責

A new report from a group of international aviation safety experts sharply criticizes both Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration for the way the 737 Max airplane was developed and certified to fly.

國際航空安全專家小組的一份新報告嚴厲批評了波音公司和美國聯(lián)邦航空局研制和認證波音737 Max飛機的方式。

All 737 Max jets around the world remain grounded and under orders to not fly passengers following crashes in Indonesia last October and Ethiopia in March that together killed 346 people.

去年10月印尼和今年3月埃塞俄比亞分別發(fā)生空難，造成346人死亡。此后，全球所有737 Max飛機仍在停飛，并被勒令不允許搭載乘客。

Investigators link both crashes to a new automated flight control system on the plane known as MCAS, repeatedly forced the planes into uncontrollable dives.

調查人員將這兩起墜機事件與飛機上一種名為MCAS的新型自動飛行控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來，該系統(tǒng)多次迫使飛機失控進行俯沖。

In its report, commissioned by the FAA, the Joint Authorities Technical Review panel finds that Boeing withheld critical details about MCAS from the FAA, saying MCAS "was not evaluated as a complete and integrated function in the certification documents that (Boeing) submitted to the FAA."

美國聯(lián)邦航空局委托的聯(lián)合技術審查小組在其報告中發(fā)現(xiàn)，波音公司對美國聯(lián)邦航空局隱瞞了MCAS的關鍵細節(jié)，稱“在(波音公司)提交給美國聯(lián)邦航空局的認證文件中沒有把MCAS當作一個完整的和綜合的功能進行評估。

The panel finds that Boeing told the FAA the MCAS system existed in a broad framework, but the company did not fully explain what the MCAS systems would do nor how forcefully it would push the nose of the plane down.

該委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)，波音公司告訴聯(lián)邦航空局MCAS系統(tǒng)存在于一個廣泛的框架中，但該公司沒有完全解釋MCAS系統(tǒng)將做什么，也沒有解釋它將以多大的力度將飛機機頭向下推。

The FAA appointed the JATR in April to independently evaluate the design and certification processes for the 737 Max. The group includes technical experts from the FAA and NASA, as well as representatives from the civil aviation authorities in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.

美國聯(lián)邦航空局在4月任命JATR獨立評估737 Max的設計和認證過程。該小組包括來自美國聯(lián)邦航空局和美國國家航空航天局的技術專家，以及來自澳大利亞、巴西、加拿大、中國、歐盟、日本、印度尼西亞、新加坡和阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國的民航當局代表。

Former National Transportation Safety Board chairman Christopher Hart headed up the review, and in a conference call with reporters Friday afternoon, he said that as the MAX was being reviewed for FAA certification, MCAS changed "from a relatively benign system to a not-so-benign system."

國家運輸安全委員會前主席克里斯托弗·哈特領導審查,并在周五下午的電話會議上對記者說,在對MAX進行美國聯(lián)邦航空局認證審核時，MCAS從“一個相對良性的系統(tǒng)變成了一個不那么良性的系統(tǒng)。”

Hart says the review did not find any evidence of a deliberate effort by Boeing to mislead regulators; instead, he blamed poor communication.

哈特說，審查沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)波音公司故意誤導監(jiān)管機構的任何證據(jù)；相反，他歸咎于溝通不暢。

"The information and discussions about MCAS were so fragmented and were delivered to disconnected groups," the JATR report says, so it it "was difficult (for the FAA) to recognize implications of this system."

JATR的報告說:“關于MCAS的信息和討論是如此分散，而且傳遞給了不相關的組織，因此很難認識到這個系統(tǒng)的影響。”

The report goes on to criticize the FAA for lacking sufficient personnel with the expertise needed to fully evaluate such complex systems. An FAA program designates some oversight functions in the certification process to employees of the manufacturer, but the report is calling for significant changes in that program as the review finds that the employees charged with doing significant parts of the certification work faced "undue pressure" from management to remain on schedule and keep costs down.

該報告接著批評美國聯(lián)邦航空局缺乏足夠的具有充分評估這種復雜系統(tǒng)所需專業(yè)知識的人員。美國聯(lián)邦航空局計劃將認證過程中的一些監(jiān)督職能指定給制造商的員工，但報告呼吁對該計劃進行重大修改，因為審查發(fā)現(xiàn)，負責執(zhí)行大部分認證工作的員工面臨來自管理層的“不必要的壓力”，要求他們遵守計劃并降低成本。

"This is not just an airplane problem,” adding that the FAA and regulators around the world need to better recognize "this new reality of super-complex automation and pilots not necessarily understanding how to operate it."

哈特在電話會議上說:“這不僅是飛機的問題。”他還說，美國聯(lián)邦航空管理局和世界各地的監(jiān)管機構需要更好地認識到“這種超級復雜自動化的新現(xiàn)實，飛行員不一定知道如何操作它。”

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