中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)超美國(guó)

Chinese mobile payments were nearly 50 times greater than those in the US last year, market data show, highlighting Chinese internet companies’ strong position in a market segment viewed as a gateway to the fintech ecosystem.

市場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，去年，中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付的規(guī)模是美國(guó)的近50倍。由此可見(jiàn)，在這個(gè)被視為進(jìn)入“金融科技”生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一道門戶的市場(chǎng)，中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司擁有強(qiáng)大的地位。

The rise of Chinese mobile payments has been driven by the explosive growth of online shopping as well as internet financial services such as peer-to-peer lending and online money market funds. More than half of all mutual funds in China are now sold online, up from only 5 per cent in 2012.

中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付的流行，得益于在線購(gòu)物以及網(wǎng)貸、在線貨幣市場(chǎng)基金等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融服務(wù)的爆炸性增長(zhǎng)。如今中國(guó)超過(guò)一半的共同基金是在網(wǎng)上發(fā)售的，2012年這個(gè)比例僅為5%。

Last year was also a turning point for the use of online payments at physical retailers, including supermarkets, restaurants and clothing shops. Starbucks announced in January that it would begin accepting WeChat Pay — the payments service linked to Tencent’s ubiquitous mobile messaging app — at its China stores. Growth was also robust in 2016 in online to offline services such as ride hailing and food delivery apps that customers pay for through via platforms.

去年也是超市、餐廳和服裝店等實(shí)體零售商使用在線支付的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折年。1月，星巴克(Starbuck)宣布其中國(guó)門店將開(kāi)始接受微信支付(WeChat Pay)，這是騰訊(Tencent)被廣泛使用的移動(dòng)消息應(yīng)用“微信”所包含的支付服務(wù)。去年，線上到線下服務(wù)也增長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)勁，如叫車和送餐應(yīng)用，在這類服務(wù)中，消費(fèi)者通過(guò)平臺(tái)支付。

“Digital payment platforms remain a critical part of the underlying fintech infrastructure in China but are also an important source of transaction and financial data that is increasingly being leveraged by the payment companies for new fintech platforms, products and services,” said Zennon Kapron, principal at Kapronasia, a Shanghai-based fintech consultancy.

總部位于上海的金融科技咨詢公司Kapronasia的負(fù)責(zé)人曾農(nóng)•考普龍(Zennon Kapron)表示：“數(shù)字支付平臺(tái)仍然是中國(guó)金融科技基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中的重要組成部分，也是交易和金融數(shù)據(jù)的一個(gè)重要來(lái)源，支付公司正越來(lái)越多地把這些數(shù)據(jù)用于新的金融科技平臺(tái)、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。”

The value of Chinese third-party mobile payments more than tripled to Rmb38tn ($5.5tn) in 2016, according to estimates by iResearch in China. WeChat Pay and Alipay, the payment service operated by Ant Financial, an affiliate of Alibaba Group, dominate the market. In the US, mobile payments rose 39 per cent to $112bn, according to global firm Forrester Research, with the market dispersed among rival groups including Apple, Google, Samsung and PayPal.

據(jù)中國(guó)艾瑞咨詢(iResearch)估計(jì)，2016年，中國(guó)第三方移動(dòng)支付的規(guī)模擴(kuò)大兩倍多，至38萬(wàn)億元人民幣(合5.5萬(wàn)億美元)。微信支付和支付寶(Alipay)在該市場(chǎng)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，后者是阿里巴巴集團(tuán)(Alibaba Group)旗下螞蟻金服(Ant Financial)運(yùn)營(yíng)的支付服務(wù)。而根據(jù)全球研究機(jī)構(gòu)Forrester Research的數(shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)移動(dòng)支付規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)39%，至1120億美元，蘋果(Apple)、谷歌(Google)、三星(Samsung)和PayPal等共同瓜分了市場(chǎng)。

China’s lead over the US in mobile payments is also the result of the lack of other viable options for non-cash payments. Credit card penetration in China is small compared to that of developed markets, while online payments with debit cards are cumbersome — usually requiring authentication through a combination of SMS messages, USB dongles and random code generators. By contrast, payment with Alipay or WeChat is much more streamlined and requires only the scan of a QR code from a retailer’s point-of-service terminal or a smartphone.

中國(guó)在移動(dòng)支付方面領(lǐng)先于美國(guó)，也是缺乏其他可行的非現(xiàn)金支付方式的結(jié)果。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，中國(guó)的信用卡普及率較低，而用借記卡進(jìn)行在線支付較為繁瑣，通常需要通過(guò)短信、U盾和隨機(jī)密碼等多重認(rèn)證。相比之下，用支付寶或微信進(jìn)行支付要簡(jiǎn)單得多，只需要從零售商服務(wù)點(diǎn)終端或智能手機(jī)掃描一下二維碼即可。

“China’s rapid adoption of proximity payments is in part thanks to its late-mover advantage — unlike the US and other regions, China does not have a strong entrenched credit card culture. In effect, China has jumped directly from cash to mobile payments,” market research firm eMarketer said in a report.

市場(chǎng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)eMarketer在一份報(bào)告中稱：“近端支付在中國(guó)快速得到應(yīng)用，一定程度上得益于其后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì)——與美國(guó)和其他地區(qū)不同，中國(guó)沒(méi)有深厚的信用卡文化。實(shí)際上，中國(guó)直接從現(xiàn)金支付跳到了移動(dòng)支付。”

Beyond the revenue earned directly from processing fees, the dominance of China’s mobile payments market by Alibaba’s Ant Financial and Tencent gives them access to valuable user data that can be used for everything from credit ratings to targeted advertising to product development.

除了直接賺取手續(xù)費(fèi)收入，螞蟻金服與騰訊在中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付市場(chǎng)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，也有利于它們獲取寶貴的用戶數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)可以用于很多方面，從信用評(píng)級(jí)到定向廣告以及產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)。

However, the eye-catching transaction value of Chinese mobile payments partly reflects payments that do not necessarily correspond to real economic activity.

然而，中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付市場(chǎng)引人注目的交易金額中，有一部分支付與實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)并不相關(guān)。

During the recent Spring Festival holiday for example, friends and relatives traded “red envelopes” in auspicious amounts such as 88, which pronounced in Mandarin sounds like “get rich”, and 520, which sounds like “I love you”.

例如，在剛剛過(guò)去的春節(jié)假期，親朋好友之間會(huì)互相發(fā)內(nèi)含88(在普通話里聽(tīng)起來(lái)像“發(fā)財(cái)”)或520(聽(tīng)起來(lái)像“我愛(ài)你”)等吉利數(shù)字的“紅包”。

While these red envelopes are used to make actual cash gifts, they are often exchanged back and forth as a form of socialising in which most users receive the same amount that they send. About 60 per cent of Chinese mobile payments took the form of person-to-person transfers in the third quarter, according to iResearch, although some portion of these are actually small businesses that have not set up a commercial payment account.

盡管這些紅包被用來(lái)發(fā)送實(shí)際的現(xiàn)金禮物，但是人們往往會(huì)互相發(fā)紅包作為一種社交的方式，大多數(shù)人收到的紅包金額與他們所發(fā)出的紅包金額相當(dāng)。艾瑞咨詢的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在去年第三季度，中國(guó)移動(dòng)支付金額中約有60%是以個(gè)人對(duì)個(gè)人(P2P)轉(zhuǎn)賬的形式，盡管其中一部分實(shí)際上來(lái)自未開(kāi)立商業(yè)支付帳戶的小微企業(yè)。

“Originally this was just for holiday games, but after cultivation over several Spring Festivals, it’s now everyday behaviour,” said Li Zhefeng, payments analyst at iResearch in Beijing. “In the past, people used bank cards to do fund transfers, but now these transactions have shifted decisively to mobile phones.”

“最初這只是假期的特有游戲，但在經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)春節(jié)后，如今這發(fā)展成了日常行為，”艾瑞咨詢?cè)诒本┑闹Ц斗治鰩熇钫芊宸Q，“過(guò)去人們用銀行卡轉(zhuǎn)賬，但如今這些交易明顯都轉(zhuǎn)到手機(jī)端了。”

Yet in terms of mobile payment growth, China still resoundingly beats the US. Forrester expects US payments in 2019 to be 2.6 times their 2015 value; Chinese payments will grow by 7.4 times in the same period, according to iResearch.

不過(guò)在移動(dòng)支付的增長(zhǎng)方面，中國(guó)仍然完勝美國(guó)。Forrester預(yù)計(jì)，2019年美國(guó)移動(dòng)支付總額將是2015年的2.6倍;而據(jù)艾瑞咨詢預(yù)計(jì)，同期中國(guó)的移動(dòng)支付總額將增長(zhǎng)7.4倍。

In the US, in-person payments at offline retailers rather than mobile payments will be the biggest growth driver in the US. There and in Europe, near field communication (NFC) payments, which involve swiping a phone over a chip reader, are preferred to QR codes.

在美國(guó)，在實(shí)體零售商進(jìn)行的面對(duì)面支付(而非移動(dòng)支付)將成為最大的增長(zhǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。在美國(guó)和歐洲，近場(chǎng)通信(NFC)支付(把手機(jī)在芯片讀取器上刷一下)比二維碼更受歡迎。

Forrester found that half of all surveyed American retailers planned to install NFC terminals by the end of 2016 or had already done so. However, changing entrenched consumer behaviour is a challenge.

Forrester發(fā)現(xiàn)，2016年末，受訪的美國(guó)零售商中有一半計(jì)劃安裝、或已經(jīng)安裝了NFC終端。然而，改變根深蒂固的消費(fèi)者行為是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。

“Old habits die hard and, by all accounts, consumers are still reaching for cards rather than phones in the checkout lane,” Forrester wrote in its report.

“舊習(xí)慣很難改掉，根據(jù)各方面信息，消費(fèi)者在結(jié)賬通道仍然習(xí)慣去掏卡而非拿出手機(jī)，”Forrester在報(bào)告中寫道。