我們?yōu)槭裁礋嶂杂诎素?

Did you hear what happened at yesterday's meeting? Can you believe it?

昨天開會(huì)發(fā)生的事你聽說了嗎?真不敢相信!

If you find those sort of quietly whispered questions about your co-workers irresistible, you're hardly alone. But why are we drawn to gossip?

如果一些關(guān)于你同事的小八卦令你無法抗拒，恭喜你，你并不是一個(gè)人。但是，我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)被這些八卦所吸引呢?

A new study suggests it's because the rumors, innuendo, and hearsay are ultimately all about us — where we rate in the unofficial local hierarchy, and how we might improve our standing.

一項(xiàng)新的研究認(rèn)為這些謠言、暗示和傳聞基本上都與我們自身有關(guān)，例如我們?cè)诜寝k公場(chǎng)合的地位以及我們?cè)撊绾翁嵘覀兊纳矸荨?/p>

"Gossip recipients tend to use positive and negative group information to improve, promote, and protect the self," writes a research team led by Elena Martinescu of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. "Individuals need evaluative information about others to evaluate themselves."

來自荷蘭格羅寧根大學(xué)(University of Groningen)的埃琳娜•馬丁納斯庫(Elena Martinescu)率領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)研究這一問題。他們提到，聽到八卦的人會(huì)用這些正面的或負(fù)面的消息完善、提升和保護(hù)自己。每個(gè)人都需要通過他人的評(píng)價(jià)信息來評(píng)價(jià)自己。

Writing in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,the researchers describe two experiments testing the personal value gossip recipients derive. The first featured 178 university undergraduates who had all previously worked on at least one course assignment with a group of four or more students.

該研究報(bào)告發(fā)表于《個(gè)性與社會(huì)心理學(xué)通報(bào)》(Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin)上，研究人員描述了八卦接收者從中獲取對(duì)個(gè)人有利價(jià)值的兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)邀請(qǐng)了178名在校大學(xué)生，他們都曾同四名或四名以上的同學(xué)組成小組，一起完成過至少一項(xiàng)課程作業(yè)。

Participants "were asked to recall and write a short description of an incident in which a group members shared with them either positive or negative information about another group member's confidence," the researchers write. (Eighty-five received a positive report, 93 a negative one.)

研究人員寫道，這些被測(cè)試者被要求回憶并寫下一段簡(jiǎn)短的描述，描述小組成員之間一起分享有關(guān)于另一組員信心的八卦，無論好壞。(結(jié)果表明，85人接收到的是正面消息，93人接收到負(fù)面消息。)

They then reported their level of agreement with a series of statements. Some of these measured the self-improvement value of the gossip ("The information received made me think I can learn a lot from X"); others measured its self-promotion value ("The information I received made me feel that I am doing well compared to X"). Still others measured whether the gossip raised personal concerns ("The information I received made me feel that I must protect my image in the group").

接下來，被測(cè)試者要對(duì)這些評(píng)論表達(dá)自己的贊同程度。一部分人將這些八卦消息看作是一種自我完善價(jià)值(他們認(rèn)為，這些消息是要告訴他們，某人身上有許多值得他們學(xué)習(xí)的地方);另一部分人將這些八卦消息看作是一種自我提升價(jià)值(收到的消息使他們感覺自己做得比某人好);而剩下的一部分人則認(rèn)為這些八卦讓他們感到擔(dān)憂(收到這些消息后，他們認(rèn)為在組內(nèi)要保護(hù)好自己的形象)。

In the second experiment,122 undergraduates were assigned the role of "sales agent" at a major company. They received gossip from a colleague that a third person either did very well or very badly at a performance evaluation, and were then debriefed about the emotions that information evoked. They also responded to the aforementioned set of statements presented to participants in the first experiment.

第二組實(shí)驗(yàn)要求122名大學(xué)生分別扮演一個(gè)大公司的銷售代理。首先他們將從一個(gè)同事那里聽到另外一個(gè)同事表現(xiàn)好壞的評(píng)價(jià)，接著會(huì)被問及聽到這樣一消息時(shí)有何感受。同時(shí)，他們還要對(duì)上個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中被測(cè)試者所做的陳述作出回應(yīng)。

In each experiment, participants found both negative and positive gossip to be of personal value, albeit for different reasons. "Positive gossip has self-improvement value," they write. "Competence-related positive gossip about others contains lessons about how to improve one's own competence."

在每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，即使原因不同，被測(cè)試者們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些負(fù)面的和正面的八卦消息都與個(gè)人價(jià)值有關(guān)。研究人員寫道，正面的八卦消息能產(chǎn)生自我完善價(jià)值觀。與他人能力相關(guān)的正面八卦具有如何提升個(gè)人能力的作用。

On the flip side, "negative gossip has self-promotion value, because it provides individuals with social comparison information that justifies self-promoting judgments, which results in feelings of pride."

相反，由于負(fù)面八卦會(huì)給個(gè)人帶來一種社會(huì)性比較，且這種比較證明了自我提升會(huì)帶來一種自豪感，因此負(fù)面八卦被看作是一種自我提升價(jià)值觀。

"Contrary to lay perceptions," the researchers assert, "most negative gossip is not intended to hurt the target, but to please the gossiper and receiver."

研究人員稱，與世俗的認(rèn)知相反，大多數(shù)負(fù)面八卦并不是想傷害那些被談?wù)摰娜?，僅僅是因?yàn)檫@樣做會(huì)讓談?wù)撜吆吐牨姼械介_心。

In addition, the results "showed that negative gossip elicited self-protection concerns," the researchers write. "Negative gossip makes people concerned that their reputations may be at risk, as they may personally become targets of negative gossip in the future, which generates fear."

除此之外，研究人員還寫道，研究結(jié)果表明，負(fù)面八卦還會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種自我保護(hù)意識(shí)。它會(huì)使人們擔(dān)心自己的名譽(yù)是否受損，因?yàn)樵趯恚约阂部赡艹蔀樨?fù)面八卦的談?wù)搶?duì)象。這都會(huì)令人產(chǎn)生恐懼感。

Fear is hardly a pleasant sensation, of course, but it can be a motivating one. As Martinescu and her colleagues put it: "Gossip conveniently provides individuals with indirect social-comparison information about relevant others."

當(dāng)然，恐懼不是一種舒服的感覺，但它可以成為一種前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。正如馬丁納斯庫和她的同事所提到的，八卦會(huì)適時(shí)地給人們帶來一種間接同某人作社會(huì)性比較的信息。

In other words, if you don't want to be viewed as a goof-off like Charley, you'd better get your act together.

換句話說，如果不想被別人看作像查理(Charley)那樣游手好閑的人，你最好改正你的缺點(diǎn)。

It's worth noting that this study did not look at who-is-sleeping-with-who gossip, which presumably has a somewhat different function — although news that an illicit couple has gotten caught could certainly serve as a cautionary tale.

值得一提的是，雖然有不正當(dāng)關(guān)系的兩個(gè)人被抓可以看做是一個(gè)引以為戒的故事，但這項(xiàng)研究并未將“誰和誰有不正當(dāng)關(guān)系”這樣的八卦消息放到研究?jī)?nèi)容中。如果列入調(diào)查范圍這也許會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果。

But it does show that beyond providing "emotional catharsis and social control," confidentially treaded information about the competence, or lack thereof, of a co-worker can be "an essential resource for self-evaluation."

但是，這項(xiàng)研究表明，八卦消息除了能給人們帶來“情感宣泄和社會(huì)控制”，私下談?wù)撈渌履芰脡牡陌素远紩?huì)成為“一種自我評(píng)價(jià)的必要資源”。