用音樂(lè)傳播的白人至上主義

Music Style Is Called Supremacist Recruiting Tool

用音樂(lè)傳播的白人至上主義

MILWAUKEE — The shooting rampage by an avowed white supremacist that killed six people at a suburban Sikh Temple near here came at a time of both growth and disarray in the supremacist movement.

密爾沃基—當(dāng)下，白人至上主義運(yùn)動(dòng)正在壯大，而且散漫無(wú)序。在最近發(fā)生的槍擊案中，一名白人至上主義者槍手在密爾沃基郊區(qū)附近的錫克族寺廟殺死了六人。

Though data collected by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors hate groups, shows that the number of ultra-right-wing militias and white power organizations has grown sharply since the election of President Obama in 2008, the movement is more decentralized and in many ways more disorganized than ever, experts and movement leaders say.

根據(jù)監(jiān)視仇恨團(tuán)體的南部貧困法律中心(Southern Poverty Law Center)所收集的數(shù)據(jù)，自2008年奧巴馬在總統(tǒng)大選中勝出以來(lái)，極右翼民兵和白人至上主義組織飛速發(fā)展。專家和運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人稱，這些組織的權(quán)力更為分散，在很多方面，架構(gòu)也比以往更為紊亂。

“There is plenty of frustration and defeatism in the white nationalist movement,” Don Black, director of Stormfront, the largest white nationalist online discussion forum in the world, said in an interview. Calling Mr. Obama “a symptom of the multiculturalism that has undermined our country,” Mr. Black added that “there is no preeminent organization today.”

“白人民族主義者運(yùn)動(dòng)中充斥著挫敗感和失敗主義，” “風(fēng)暴前線”(Stormfront)的負(fù)責(zé)人唐·布萊克(Don Black)在一次采訪中說(shuō)。他稱奧巴馬是“多元文化主義的病征，而多元文化主義正在削弱我們的國(guó)家。”他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，“今天已經(jīng)沒(méi)有一個(gè)組織可以獨(dú)占鰲頭。”“風(fēng)暴前線”是全球最大的白人民族主義者在線論壇。

Yet the shootings also shined a light on an obscure cultural scene that is helping keep the movement energized and providing it with a powerful tool for recruiting the young and disaffected: white power music, widely known as “hatecore.”

不過(guò)，槍擊案也讓人們注意到了一個(gè)原本不為人知的文化現(xiàn)象。這種文化給白人至上運(yùn)動(dòng)提供了能量，并成為這類運(yùn)動(dòng)吸引年輕人和心懷不滿者的有力工具：它就是白人力量音樂(lè)，廣為人知的名字是“恨核”(hatecore)。

For more than a decade, Wade M. Page, a former soldier who the police say was the lone gunman — and who was himself killed by a police officer on Sunday — played guitar and bass with an array of heavy metal bands that trafficked in the lyrics of hate.

警方稱，韋德·M·佩奇(Wade M. Page)是槍擊案中的唯一槍手，上周日，他被一名警察擊斃。在過(guò)去的10年里，他曾先后在許多不同的重金屬樂(lè)隊(duì)里擔(dān)任吉他手和貝斯手，這些樂(lè)隊(duì)的歌曲中充斥著表達(dá)憎恨的歌詞。

Even in Mr. Page’s below-the-radar world, those bands — Blue Eyed Devils, Intimidation One and his own, End Apathy — provided a touchstone and a gateway to a larger cause, as they have for many others in recent years.

即便在佩奇那個(gè)本不為人知的世界里，那些樂(lè)隊(duì)­­——“藍(lán)眼惡魔”(Blue Eyed Devils)、“恐嚇一號(hào)”(Intimidation One)、以及他自己組建的“結(jié)束麻木”(End Apathy)——在近些年為很多人提供了一個(gè)試金石和和一個(gè)通向更大事業(yè)的入口。

“It is one of the pillars of the white supremacist subculture,” Mark Pitcavage, director of investigative research at the Anti-Defamation League, said of white power music. “The message can motivate people to action, cause them to be proud of themselves and their cause. It can aggravate anger levels. It can rouse resentment.”

“它是白人至上主義亞文化的支柱之一，”反誹謗聯(lián)盟(Anti-Defamation League)的調(diào)查研究主管邁克·皮特卡瓦奇(Mark Pitcavage)在提到白人力量音樂(lè)時(shí)這樣說(shuō)。“它傳達(dá)的信息會(huì)激發(fā)人們采取行動(dòng)，使他們對(duì)自己和自己從事的事業(yè)感到自豪。它能加重人們的怒火，激起憤恨。”

Arno Michaelis, the former leader of a white power band called Centurion, whose CD “14 Words” has sold 20,000 copies worldwide, recalls being swept away when he heard racist music from the British skinhead group Skrewdriver in the 1990s.

阿爾諾·米凱利斯(Arno Michaelis)曾是白人至上樂(lè)隊(duì)“百夫長(zhǎng)”(Centurion)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。該樂(lè)隊(duì)的專輯 “14個(gè)詞”的全球銷量達(dá)到2萬(wàn)張。米凱利斯回憶說(shuō)，20世紀(jì)90年代，他聽(tīng)到英國(guó)光頭黨組織“Skrewdriver”的種族主義音樂(lè)后，便深陷其中，不能自拔。

“Listening to that music was an essential part of how we rallied around the idea of racism,” said Mr. Michaelis, now 41. “It made me feel I was part of something greater, that I had purpose and that my race was something very special and was something I needed to defend.”

“我們之所以可以團(tuán)結(jié)在種族主義理念下，在很大程度上要?dú)w功于這種音樂(lè)。”現(xiàn)年41歲的米凱利斯說(shuō)，“它讓我感覺(jué)自己是一項(xiàng)偉大事業(yè)的組成部分。我有自己的目標(biāo)，我的種族非常特殊，它需要我的捍衛(wèi)。”

A Milwaukee resident, Mr. Michaelis distanced himself from the racist scene years ago, but received a call in 2005 from a German neo-Nazi who wanted him to reunite with Centurion for a European tour. The call prompted him to help form an organization, Life After Hate, that evangelizes against racism.

米凱利斯住在密爾沃基，他已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離種族主義環(huán)境很多年了。然而，2005年，他接到德國(guó)新納粹主義者的電話，希望他能為一次歐洲巡演重回“百夫長(zhǎng)”樂(lè)團(tuán)。這個(gè)電話促使他協(xié)助組建了反種族主義宣傳組織“憎恨過(guò)后的人生”(Life After Hate)。

Though what may have set off the rampage remains a mystery to investigators, Mr. Page’s life as a white power musician playing violence-inciting songs was surprisingly open. He did interviews, posted photos on MySpace pages (one shows him playing guitar with a noose in the background), performed at festivals and even spoke candidly about his beliefs with an academic researching the movement.

對(duì)調(diào)查者而言，導(dǎo)致槍擊案的動(dòng)機(jī)依然是個(gè)謎。盡管如此，作為一名演奏煽動(dòng)暴力歌曲的白人至上音樂(lè)人，佩奇生活的公開(kāi)化程度令人詫異。他接受采訪、在 MySpace頁(yè)面上傳相片(其中一幅照片顯示在他彈奏吉他，而背景里掛著一根絞索)、參加音樂(lè)節(jié)，甚至和研究該運(yùn)動(dòng)的學(xué)者坦率地談?wù)撍男叛觥?/p>

The academic, Peter Simi, an associate professor of criminology at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, said he met Mr. Page in Southern California in 2001, when Mr. Page was living with a white supremacist whom Mr. Simi had followed.

這位學(xué)者是內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)奧馬哈分校(University of Nebraska, Omaha)的犯罪學(xué)副教授彼得·西米(Peter Simi)。他說(shuō)他2001年在南加州認(rèn)識(shí)了佩奇。當(dāng)時(shí)佩奇和一名白人至上主義者住在一起。西米曾研究過(guò)這名白人至上主義者。

Mr. Simi said Mr. Page told him that he had first come in contact with racist skinheads in Denver as an adolescent, but became a true convert after joining the Army in 1992. Mr. Page received a general discharge in 1998 after being knocked down a rank to specialist for misconduct.

西米說(shuō)，佩奇告訴他，他第一次接觸種族主義光頭黨是在丹佛，當(dāng)時(shí)他還是一個(gè)少年人，但他真正成為其中一員是在1992年參軍之后。在軍中，他因?yàn)樾袨椴划?dāng)被降級(jí)為專業(yè)軍士，之后他在1998年退伍離開(kāi)了軍隊(duì)。

“He told me if you don’t go into the military as a racist, you will certainly come out as one,” Mr. Simi said in an interview. “He felt the deck was stacked against whites in the military, and that blacks got all the promotions and were not disciplined for misconduct.”

“他跟我說(shuō)，就算參軍之時(shí)你不是一個(gè)種族主義者，在離開(kāi)軍隊(duì)的時(shí)候，你也一定會(huì)變成種族主義者，”西米在一次采訪中說(shuō)道。“在軍中，他感到白人未能獲得公正對(duì)待。所有的升遷機(jī)會(huì)都給了黑人，他們即便行為不端也不會(huì)受到紀(jì)律懲罰。”

Racist and neo-Nazi rock began as an offshoot of British punk in the late 1970s, appropriating both its shaved-head style and so-called oi sound featuring slashing guitar chords and barked vocals. By the 1990s, the music had become heavier, louder and darker, featuring violent diatribes against blacks, Jews and, later, gays and immigrants.

種族主義及新納粹搖滾始自20世紀(jì)70年代末期，當(dāng)時(shí)是英國(guó)朋克音樂(lè)的一個(gè)分支。它吸取了朋克音樂(lè)中的光頭形象，以及被稱為“oi”的音樂(lè)元素：以急促的吉他和弦及大聲嚎叫的演唱為特色。到20世紀(jì)90年代，這類音樂(lè)變得更沉重，更刺耳，也更陰暗。猛烈抨擊黑人和猶太人是它的特色，后來(lái)，同性戀者和移民也成為它的抨擊對(duì)象。

In 1999, the National Alliance, founded by William Pierce, author of the 1978 white supremacist novel “The Turner Diaries,” bought Resistance Records, the largest and most prominent label for white power music. The acquisition signaled the growing importance of the music to recruiting a new generation of white supremacists.

1999年，威廉·皮爾斯(William Pierce)建立的“國(guó)家聯(lián)盟”(National Alliance)收購(gòu)了白人力量音樂(lè)中規(guī)模最大、最知名的標(biāo)志性唱片公司“抵抗唱片”(Resistance Records)。這起并購(gòu)顯示，音樂(lè)在吸引年青一代白人至上主義者方面的作用日漸強(qiáng)大。皮爾斯是1978年出版的白人至上主義小說(shuō)《特納日記》(The Turner Diaries)的作者。

“The music became not only the No. 1 recruiting tool, but also the biggest revenue source for the movement,” said Devin Burghart, who has been monitoring racist hate groups for 20 years.

“音樂(lè)不僅成為吸引新人的第一工具，而且也是白人至上運(yùn)動(dòng)最大的收入來(lái)源。”監(jiān)測(cè)種族主義仇恨團(tuán)體長(zhǎng)達(dá)二十載的戴維·伯格哈特(Devin Burghart)說(shuō)。

But Mr. Burghart and other experts on racist ideology said the movement has grown disjointed in recent years, despite the recruiting opportunities presented by an economic recession and the election of a black president.

但伯格哈特和其他研究種族主義意識(shí)形態(tài)的專家稱，盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和黑人總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選給白人至上運(yùn)動(dòng)提供了吸納新成員的機(jī)會(huì)，白人至上運(yùn)動(dòng)在近些年已變得雜亂無(wú)序。

One reason for the disarray might be the growth of a more mainstream movement, the Tea Party, whose successful forays into electoral politics have siphoned energy and support from violent fringe groups, said Chip Berlet, a Boston-based journalist who writes about right-wing groups.

在波士頓，負(fù)責(zé)報(bào)道右翼團(tuán)體的記者奇普·貝萊(Chip Berlet)認(rèn)為，導(dǎo)致這種雜亂無(wú)序的一個(gè)原因可能是更為主流的“茶黨”(Tea Party)運(yùn)動(dòng)的壯大。 茶黨成功挺進(jìn)選舉政治，抽走了極端暴力團(tuán)體的活力，并且分流了支持者。