美國(guó)國(guó)歌的前世今生

It began humbly[1] and rose to great heights over the course of 150 years. Our story begins in London in 1780 with a social club named after a fun loving Roman poet said to have died at 86 while choking on a grape seed.

Most of the members of the Anacreontic[2] Society were amateur musicians, though a few of them were professionals. They met every two weeks at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand.[3] The evening’s entertainment consisted of a concert, dinner, and drinking songs. The society began each evening with a song tailor-made[4] by two of their members. Poet Ralph Tomlinson provided lyrics and antiquarian and musicologist John Stafford Smith contributed a genteel melody.[5] Their song “To Anacreon in Heaven” celebrated the mingling[6] of love and wine.

Not everyone loved the society though. The Duchess of Devonshire made a habit of eavesdropping on the proceedings from a secret room in the tavern, and she was no lover of bawdy songs and ballads.[7] No doubt the possibility that she might be listening in at any time had something to do with the demise[8] of the Anacreontic Society in 1786.

For the next twenty-eight years its theme song floated from one side of the Atlantic to the other, and in 1814 it turned up in a setting that was anything but convivial[9].

During the War of 1812, as the British retreated from Washington, a well-known Washington lawyer and amateur poet was on a prisoner exchange ship in Baltimore Harbor. The lawyer, Francis Scott Key[10], spent a night nervously watching the British bombardment of nearby Fort McHenry. At sunrise, seeing the American flag still flying over the fort, Key was inspired to write the poem known as “The Star-Spangled Banner”. Key later forwarded his poem to a Baltimore printer, coupling it with a slightly less singable arrangement of “To Anacreon in Heaven”. In 1931, 150 years after its modest beginnings in a London tavern, the quaint old drinking tune became officially the national anthem of the United States.

起初，這首曲子毫不知名，誕生150多年后，卻達(dá)到了偉大的高度。故事發(fā)生在1780年的倫敦，當(dāng)時(shí)有一個(gè)社交俱樂(lè)部，是以一位喜歡找樂(lè)子的羅馬詩(shī)人命名的，據(jù)說(shuō)，那位詩(shī)人在86歲時(shí)被一粒葡萄籽卡住喉嚨窒息而死。

盡管這個(gè)名為“阿那克里翁社”的成員中有幾位是專業(yè)人士，但大多還是業(yè)余音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。成員們每隔兩周都會(huì)在位于海濱的“皇冠•錨酒館”聚會(huì)。晚上的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)包括音樂(lè)會(huì)、晚宴和飲酒歌。每次晚上的聚會(huì)都會(huì)以演唱一首由兩位會(huì)員特意譜寫(xiě)的歌曲而拉開(kāi)序幕。這首歌曲由詩(shī)人拉爾夫•湯姆林森作詞，古文物家、音樂(lè)學(xué)者約翰•斯塔夫德配上優(yōu)雅的旋律。他們的這首《致天堂里的阿那克里翁》贊美了愛(ài)情和美酒的交融。

然而，并不是所有人都喜歡這個(gè)音樂(lè)社。德文郡的公爵夫人就總是習(xí)慣在酒館的一間密室里偷聽(tīng)音樂(lè)社的活動(dòng)，她不喜歡那些低級(jí)下流的歌曲和情歌。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，1786年阿克那里翁音樂(lè)社的解散和公爵夫人那無(wú)時(shí)不刻的監(jiān)聽(tīng)不無(wú)關(guān)系。

在接下來(lái)的28年里，音樂(lè)社的這首主題曲漂洋過(guò)海，傳到了大西洋彼岸。1814年，這首曲子出現(xiàn)在了非宴飲的場(chǎng)合。

在1812年的(美英)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，當(dāng)英軍撤離華盛頓時(shí)，華盛頓一位著名的律師、業(yè)余詩(shī)人正在巴爾的摩海港的一艘戰(zhàn)俘交換船上。整個(gè)晚上，這位名叫弗朗西斯•斯科特•凱伊的律師都在緊張地注視著英軍對(duì)不遠(yuǎn)處(美軍)麥克亨利要塞的炮擊。天亮?xí)r，當(dāng)凱伊看到美國(guó)國(guó)旗仍飄揚(yáng)在城堡上空的時(shí)候，突然靈感勃發(fā)，寫(xiě)下了一首題為《星光閃耀的旗幟》的詩(shī)作。隨后凱伊將這首詩(shī)交給了巴爾的摩的一名印刷工，還配上了不太上口的《致天堂里的阿那克里翁》的改編曲。150年后的1931年，這首在倫敦小酒館里誕生的不起眼的古老飲酒歌正式成了美國(guó)國(guó)歌。