摘 要:一線高中英語(yǔ)教師在新課標(biāo)的指引下,進(jìn)行著大量的課堂教學(xué)改革。但由于課堂教學(xué)改革中還存在著各種局限性,導(dǎo)致部分教師在閱讀教學(xué)中對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)理解、應(yīng)用實(shí)踐和遷移創(chuàng)新三方面的理解還存在一定偏差。鑒于此,筆者以一堂市級(jí)公開(kāi)課為例,就英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)觀進(jìn)行了反思:依托微語(yǔ)篇,探索高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元的主題意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀;語(yǔ)言知識(shí);微語(yǔ)篇;單元主題意義
隨著《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《課標(biāo)》)的頒布和實(shí)施,一線教師在課堂上的教學(xué)改革不斷深入,很多教師在閱讀教學(xué)中針對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)進(jìn)行了教學(xué)實(shí)踐。但部分教師還受“以考定教”的思路影響,在閱讀中處理、運(yùn)用及拓展語(yǔ)言知識(shí)方面仍存在一些問(wèn)題。
1. 語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的教學(xué)脫離單元主題意義
單元是承載主題意義的基本單位(梅德明、王薔,2018),但部分教師在語(yǔ)言知識(shí)課中,僅簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械地呈現(xiàn)歷年高考真題、模擬題,堆砌各種時(shí)事新聞、熱點(diǎn)話題或?qū)W生身邊的故事,再簡(jiǎn)單處理閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。這種主題多元化下的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)脫離了單元主題,影響單元主題意義的整體性與閱讀教學(xué)的延續(xù)性,不利于對(duì)單元主題的挖掘。
2. 語(yǔ)言知識(shí)所依托的語(yǔ)篇雜亂無(wú)章
部分教師往往會(huì)在閱讀課第一課時(shí)根據(jù)話題梳理文章的信息、內(nèi)容和思想,第二課時(shí)就直奔語(yǔ)言知識(shí)講解,畫(huà)出重點(diǎn)詞塊,挑出五六個(gè)最重要的詞,然后從詞典、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或報(bào)刊中找一些例句,根據(jù)該詞的詞性和常用搭配,設(shè)置同義句替換、補(bǔ)全句子、選詞填空或英漢互譯等形式的課堂練習(xí),就語(yǔ)言知識(shí)本身反復(fù)操練。這種教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)缺乏對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體分析,缺少對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)所承載的意義的挖掘,由此導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的教學(xué)脫離單元主題意義。
3. 語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的單元目標(biāo)不明確
在開(kāi)展語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)時(shí),教師應(yīng)在《課標(biāo)》的指導(dǎo)下分析學(xué)生的現(xiàn)狀與需求,有效整合單元各個(gè)板塊的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,確定閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元內(nèi)的教學(xué)目標(biāo),而不能只要求學(xué)生掌握閱讀中的幾個(gè)核心詞匯、短語(yǔ)或句型,認(rèn)為在輸出時(shí)能用到幾個(gè)核心詞塊就達(dá)成了目標(biāo)。
所有的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)都應(yīng)該在一定的主題語(yǔ)境下進(jìn)行,即圍繞某一具體的主題語(yǔ)境,基于不同類型的語(yǔ)篇,在解決問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中,運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言技能獲取、梳理、整合語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和文化知識(shí),深化對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解,重視對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的賞析,比較和探究文化內(nèi)涵,汲取文化精華(中華人民共和國(guó)教育部,2018)。
因此,在開(kāi)展閱讀中對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)與理解、運(yùn)用與實(shí)踐時(shí),教師可以結(jié)合相關(guān)材料,創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)與閱讀文本主題意義類似,且語(yǔ)言知識(shí)盡可能涵蓋在內(nèi)的新語(yǔ)篇——微語(yǔ)篇,使學(xué)生在單元主題意義的引領(lǐng)下整合詞匯、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇和語(yǔ)用知識(shí)等語(yǔ)言知識(shí),發(fā)展綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,關(guān)注語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的表意功能,搭建“腳手架”,由此對(duì)教材中單元的主題意義進(jìn)行遷移。
本課例是一節(jié)市級(jí)公開(kāi)課,內(nèi)容是譯林版《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》Module 6 Unit 4主閱讀The UN—Bring Everyone Closer Together。通過(guò)分析本課例所設(shè)的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),筆者提煉出的教學(xué)思路大致如下:
執(zhí)教教師通過(guò)開(kāi)展學(xué)習(xí)理解活動(dòng)、應(yīng)用實(shí)踐活動(dòng)、遷移創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)來(lái)踐行英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)觀。其中,學(xué)習(xí)理解活動(dòng)作為閱讀文本中語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的熱身,旨在回歸教材,讓學(xué)生初步學(xué)習(xí)與理解核心詞匯在閱讀文本中的含義;應(yīng)用實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是教學(xué)重點(diǎn),教師借助預(yù)設(shè)的微語(yǔ)篇,通過(guò)相關(guān)活動(dòng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí);遷移創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)是教學(xué)難點(diǎn),教師設(shè)置新情景,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行合理聯(lián)想,解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。
課例設(shè)計(jì)思路清晰,所選素材新鮮,提煉出的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)重點(diǎn)突出,但主題意義的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)有形式無(wú)內(nèi)容,操練和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的活動(dòng)碎片化,難以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探索語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元主題中的意義。下面筆者以對(duì)該課例的反思為例,依托微語(yǔ)篇,探究高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元中的主題意義。具體教學(xué)經(jīng)過(guò)及反思如下:
1. 學(xué)習(xí)理解
(1)初次備課
Step 1. 教師提問(wèn):What are the UNs functions?
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
此環(huán)節(jié)作為本節(jié)課的主題導(dǎo)入,是對(duì)閱讀第一課時(shí)的自然過(guò)渡,旨在通過(guò)問(wèn)答活動(dòng),讓學(xué)生溫習(xí)聯(lián)合國(guó)的四個(gè)主要職能。
Step 2. 教師板書(shū)填空活動(dòng):More information about the UN。
① The UN refers to the United Nations, which is _____ countries to _____ world peace.
② The UN was _____ in 1945 and 192 countries _____ the UN.
③ The UN has four functions, which touches the lives of people. The UN protects human rights and improves international laws, those on child labor and on _____ rights for minorities and women…
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
教師在此環(huán)節(jié)補(bǔ)充了關(guān)于聯(lián)合國(guó)的信息,目的是想引導(dǎo)學(xué)生鞏固以下詞塊:made up of, promote; set up, belong to; equal; apart from, lack of, ensure, available; honoured, take on, voluntary, draw, attention; contributed, acquire, expand, transform, provide, under the umbrella。
此環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生補(bǔ)全信息,進(jìn)一步拓展學(xué)生對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)基本信息的了解。教師呈現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)篇凝練了原閱讀文本,讓學(xué)生在概括性的文本中梳理出重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),從而檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的掌握情況。
Step 3. 教師板書(shū)填空鞏固練習(xí)。
① I feel very honoured to have been able to _____ the leading role in the new play.
② The ability to use a language can _____ only by the act of using the language.
…
⑥ She needs her new, busy work to_____ her family.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
教師設(shè)計(jì)了鞏固性練習(xí),要求學(xué)生利用課本中重點(diǎn)考綱詞匯的正確形式填空,再次檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生對(duì)take on、be acquired、promoting、has expanded、to ensure、provide for的了解程度。
Step 4. 教師進(jìn)行課文復(fù)現(xiàn)。
① I am pleased to have this chance today to talk to you about the United Nations, or the UN, as it is more often referred to. (Line 2)
② With the help of these armies and other worthy organizations, the UN assists the victims of wars and diseases.(Line 20)
③ … worthwhile… (Line 40)
④ … equal…(Line 22)
⑤ … contributed… (Line 35)
⑥ … lack of… (Line 43)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
此環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生在文本中找到并齊聲誦讀上述句子,關(guān)注本節(jié)課要講的六個(gè)核心詞塊。
[反思]
初次備課的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)列舉了文本中高頻的考綱詞匯,教師依托課文文本和補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)篇,用挖空、選詞填空或課文原詞再現(xiàn)的形式呈現(xiàn),有利于學(xué)生回顧文本的信息、內(nèi)容與思想。但這種教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)易使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中偏重語(yǔ)言知識(shí),而非語(yǔ)言知識(shí)所承載的意義,而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)偏多,教學(xué)重點(diǎn)不突出。
其中,Step 1的教學(xué)主題是聯(lián)合國(guó)的功能,Step 2的教學(xué)主題變?yōu)閷?duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)相關(guān)信息的介紹,Step 3的教學(xué)主題涉及做事、學(xué)習(xí)、社會(huì)與文化、社會(huì)服務(wù)與人際溝通等,主題多樣化造成學(xué)生思維轉(zhuǎn)變頻繁,加重了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)。
本單元主題是“Helping people around the world”,而閱讀文本的標(biāo)題是The UN—Bringing Everyone Closer Together。因此,教師在第二課時(shí)可以通過(guò)補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)篇使二者相互聯(lián)系,具體闡釋聯(lián)合國(guó)是如何幫助我們身邊的人,從而在單元的主題意義中探索語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)。
筆者認(rèn)為閱讀文本中語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的核心詞匯應(yīng)為refer、lack、worthy、equal、contribute。教師在重構(gòu)文本的微語(yǔ)篇時(shí),不僅要保證篇幅短小精悍,還應(yīng)高度概括文本信息、內(nèi)容和思想。鑒于此,筆者經(jīng)反思后,重新進(jìn)行了教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。
(2)再次備課
Tang Ning feels very honoured to talk to us about the UN, as it is more often r_____ to. The UN has four main functions, which is to not only assist the victims of wars and disasters with the help of some w_____ organizations or armies, but also help protect human rights and works, especially the e_____ rights for minorities and women. Therefore, she pays some visits to countries, having programmes of the UN, to increase peoples knowledge of the work of it, and to encourage people to work for them or make the local people a_____ more attention to the situation. For example, some women in Africa organized a group to a_____ material to make baskets and then sell them for a profit, which c_____ to transforming their lives. The UN also helps countries with other problems such as l_____ of education, starvation, disasters and so on. Through the w_____ of UN, the world has been brought closer together.
(答案:referred; worthy; equal; attach; acquire; contributes; lack; work)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
The UN—Bringing Everyone Closer Together是一篇演講稿,不僅介紹了聯(lián)合國(guó)成立的背景、職能,還解釋了Tang Ning作為聯(lián)合國(guó)的親善大使所要履行的相關(guān)職責(zé):增加人們對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)的了解,吸引人們對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)所做項(xiàng)目的關(guān)注,從而幫助有需求的國(guó)家及人民。而再次備課的文本是對(duì)該演講稿內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言和思維的高度濃縮。
閱讀課第二課時(shí)的第一環(huán)節(jié)為學(xué)習(xí)與理解語(yǔ)言知識(shí),其主要意圖是溫故知新。因此教學(xué)活動(dòng)應(yīng)具備三個(gè)特點(diǎn):重構(gòu)的文本應(yīng)該是第一課時(shí)所學(xué)文本思想內(nèi)容的高度概括,篇幅應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)短精干;凸顯本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)的挖空處應(yīng)該少而精,挖空處應(yīng)該是教師重點(diǎn)教授的語(yǔ)言或修辭;作為高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),動(dòng)詞或其他形式轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是本節(jié)課語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的重心(王為忠,2018)。
2. 應(yīng)用實(shí)踐
(1)初次備課
Step 1. Who is he? (Next UN Secretary-General )(見(jiàn)表1)
When people refer to Guterres work achievement, he has a reputation of clean governance and strict administration. What he has done is referred to as a great contribution to UNHCR, which refers to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (聯(lián)合國(guó)難民事務(wù)高級(jí)專員). As its head, he has effectively led it during the greatest migration crisis facing Europe after World War II.
Guterres strong performance answering questions before the General Assembly without referring to his notes had already helped him to rank the first place among the 13 candidates applying for the job in the Security Council.
Note: reference n. 提及,涉及;參考
① Point out the meaning of refer related in the article.
A. to look at sth. or ask sb. for information
B. to mention or talk about sb. or sth.
C. to describe or be connected to sb. or sth.
D. be seen / thought of as…
(答案:referring to; refer to; refers to; is referred to as)
② In reference to your question about cost, the tickets for the film are 35 yuan each.(Translation)
…
⑥ The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _____ his notes.
A. bringing up B. referring to
C. looking for D. trying on
(答案:B)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
授課教師補(bǔ)充微語(yǔ)篇,介紹當(dāng)時(shí)即將上任的聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)古特雷斯的個(gè)人信息和相關(guān)經(jīng)歷,在微語(yǔ)篇中呈現(xiàn)與refer相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),然后利用配對(duì)、翻譯、補(bǔ)全句子、單項(xiàng)選擇等練習(xí)形式進(jìn)行with / in regard to、reference book、referred to、refer… as等語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的拓展訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生了解refer的名詞形式、意義、搭配、近義詞及近義短語(yǔ)。
Step 2.
“After years in exile (流放), refugees (難民的) living conditions are terrible because of (a) lack of resources. I have met middle-class families with children who are surviving on the streets and praying to make it through the winter. Well over half of Syrian refugees in Lebanon are lacking in secure places to live. And a survey of 40,000 Syrian families in Jordan found that two-thirds lacked basic things for daily life. One father of four compared life as a refugee to being stuck in quicksand (流沙) —every time you move, you sink down further. For lack of funds, there just isnt enough assistance to provide for Syrian refugees.”
(以上文本改編自UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres—Written Text of Speech to the UN Security Council—26 February 2015)
① Since he _____ experience, he didnt get the job.
…
⑤Though _____ money, he managed to start his own business.
A. lacked B. to lack
C. lacking D. being lacked
(答案:lacked / was lacking in; C)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
教師設(shè)計(jì)了同義句替換聯(lián)系,涉及l(fā)acked、was lacking in、for lack of、(a) lack of的相關(guān)詞塊。此外,教師進(jìn)一步在微語(yǔ)篇中介紹古特雷斯的特殊經(jīng)歷,使學(xué)生對(duì)他產(chǎn)生更深入的認(rèn)識(shí),并利用練習(xí)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和lack相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
Step 3. Why him? Next UN Secretary-General.
IOC and UNHCR advocate people contributing to (contribute to捐助,貢獻(xiàn)) refugees.
Wars contribute to (導(dǎo)致,促成) their abandoning their hometown.
① She contributed a number of articles to the magazine. (Translate contributed to in Chinese.)
…
⑥ — What do you think of the new law made by the government?
— As far as Im concerned, it will_____ the peace of our country.
A. reply to B. refer to
C. contribute to D. appeal to
(答案:投(稿);C)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
在介紹完古特雷斯的主要個(gè)人信息和經(jīng)歷后(即Who的問(wèn)題),教師對(duì)古特雷斯為什么能勝任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)這一職位進(jìn)行說(shuō)明(即Why的問(wèn)題),初步解釋他的主張、能力及對(duì)世界所做的貢獻(xiàn)。之后的翻譯、補(bǔ)全句子、選擇題等練習(xí)意在讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)contribute的相關(guān)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
Step 4.
“While every refugees story is different, they all share equal courage—the courage not only to survive, but also to rebuild their broken lives.” —António Guterres
He is equal to (be qualified for) the job, and nobody can be equal to(compare with / match / equal) him in his contributions to work.
He believes that there should be equality between the refugees and us.
Note: equality n.平等
① 人生來(lái)平等,應(yīng)該同等對(duì)待。
People are born _____ and should be treated _______ .
② 這租金相當(dāng)于他半個(gè)月的收入。
The rent _____ half his monthly income.
③ 漢譯英:我相信你能勝任這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
(答案:equal, equally;is equal to;I am sure that you are equal to this task.)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
本環(huán)節(jié)教師利用古特雷斯的講話及人們對(duì)他的評(píng)價(jià),再次解釋他為什么能勝任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)一職,并通過(guò)練習(xí)拓展與equal相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
Step 5.
教師展示社交媒體新聞截圖(見(jiàn)圖1、圖2)。
Note:
it is worthy of + being done / to be done / n.
be worth + n. / doing sth.
it is worthwhile to do / doing sth.
① This article is well _____ reading but it is not _____ of being translated.
A. worth; worthwhile
B. worth; worth
C. worthy; worthy
D. worth; worthy
②漢譯英: 這個(gè)建議值得認(rèn)真考慮。
(答案:D;②略)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
教師利用社會(huì)對(duì)古特雷斯當(dāng)選新任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的評(píng)價(jià)來(lái)總結(jié)他能擔(dān)任這一職務(wù)的原因,并利用worthy的同一句式來(lái)表達(dá)這一意義。
[反思]
圍繞refer、lack、contribute、worth和 equal這五個(gè)核心詞匯,教師創(chuàng)設(shè)了五個(gè)微語(yǔ)篇,并通過(guò)“Who is he?”和“Why him?”這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題作為主線,分別來(lái)說(shuō)明古特雷斯的身份,從不同角度闡釋他當(dāng)選新任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的理由。教師設(shè)置了英漢互譯、同義詞替換、補(bǔ)全句子、選擇題和配對(duì)等形式的練習(xí)來(lái)檢測(cè)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
但是,這木幾個(gè)微語(yǔ)篇及其語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的練習(xí)語(yǔ)境主題不一致,語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的講解還沒(méi)有擺脫傳統(tǒng)方式的束縛,教師力爭(zhēng)面面俱到,訓(xùn)練和鞏固手段多樣,看似有主題語(yǔ)境,但多元化的主題使得各信息點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系不多,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中無(wú)法通過(guò)一條主線來(lái)貫穿整節(jié)課的完整內(nèi)容,不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的整體性思維。
鑒于此,筆者直接依據(jù)“Who is he?”和“Why him?”兩條主線,分別創(chuàng)設(shè)微語(yǔ)篇,把五個(gè)核心詞匯及其相關(guān)的詞性與常用搭配融入其中,復(fù)現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)理解環(huán)節(jié)中所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),主要的教學(xué)目標(biāo)依然是讓學(xué)生對(duì)古特雷斯有更深入的了解,從思想、經(jīng)歷、能力等方面思考古特雷斯勝任這一職務(wù)的原因。
基于這些思考,筆者依據(jù)有關(guān)古特雷斯的時(shí)事新聞或講話,再次創(chuàng)設(shè)了微語(yǔ)篇,構(gòu)思了新的教案。
(2)再次備課
Step 1. Who is he? Next UN Secretary-General.
① Fill in the blanks with proper words.
In _____ (refer) to who António Guterres is, here is a brief introduction about him. Gutterres, a 67-yearold politician, served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees from June 2005 to December 2015. Before joining the UN refugee agency, Gutterres spent more than 20 years in government and public service. He was the prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002.
When people _____ (refer) Guterres work achievement, he has a reputation of clean governance and strict administration. What he has done is referred to as a great contribution to UNHCR, which _____ (refer) the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(聯(lián)合國(guó)難民事務(wù)高級(jí)專員). As its head, he has effectively led it during the greatest migration crisis facing Europe after World War II.
Guterres strong performance answering questions before the General Assembly without _____ (refer) his notes had already helped him to rank the first place among the 13 candidates applying for the job in the Security Council.
(答案:reference ;refer to;refers to;referring to)
② Match the meanings of refer related to the article with the proper one.
A. to look at sth. or ask sb. for information
B. to mention or talk about sb. or sth.
C. to describe or be connected to sb. or sth.
D. be seen / thought of as
③Fill in the blanks with proper words.
“After years in exile (流放), refugees (難民) living conditions are terrible because of _____ (lack) resources. I have met middle-class families with children who are surviving on the streets and praying to make it through the winter. Well over half of Syrian refugees in Lebanon _ ___ _ (lack) secure places to live. And a survey of 40,000 Syrian families in Jordan found that two-thirds _____(lack) basic things for daily life. One father of four compared life as a refugee to being stuck in quicksand (流沙) —every time you move, you sink down further. _____ (lack) funds, there just isnt enough assistance to provide for Syrian refugees.”
(以上文本改編自UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres—Written text of speech to the UN Security Council—26 February 2015)
(參考答案:(a) lack of;are lacking in;lacked;For lack of)
Step 2 Why him? (Next UN Secretary-General)
One reason for this is that he holds the belief that people are born _____ and should be treated _____ . Also, he believes that there should be _____ between the refugees and us. Therefore, it is obvious that he _ __ __ the job.
Nobody can be equal to him in his_____ to work. To begin with, Guterres will make great _____ to serving the global community with dedication, as a moral authority, and _____ to a result that he will be the voice of our collective conscience and humanity, throughout his term. In addition, he _____ a number of articles_____ the magazine to call on the public to work as a convener, a mediator, a bridgebuilder and an honest broker to help find solutions that benefit everyone involved in trouble, thus _____ the peace of the world.
All in all, Guterres is _____ of being chosen as the next UNSC. It is _____ electing him as the UNSC to address the insecurity and uncertainties of todays world. And it is _____ to trust him in making the UN function well and help those in need as many as possible.
(答案: equal;equally;equality;is equal to;contributions;contributions contribute ;contributed;to;contributing to;worthy;worth;worthwhile)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
在講解拓展單元主題的微語(yǔ)篇時(shí),筆者借助問(wèn)題,把文本中的重要語(yǔ)言知識(shí)自然地凸顯了出來(lái),通過(guò)問(wèn)答、討論使學(xué)生反復(fù)琢磨equal、contribute、worth等詞的語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)義及語(yǔ)用,讓學(xué)生們始終浸潤(rùn)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的用人之道中,感悟古特雷斯的人格魅力及其為幫助世界各國(guó)及人民更好地發(fā)展和生活而作出的貢獻(xiàn),由此潛移默化地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀,實(shí)現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的育人價(jià)值。
3. 遷移與創(chuàng)新
(1)初次備課
Chinese President Xi Jinping believes Guterres will keep his commitment to the UN Charter and work with the international community to deal with global challenges, safeguard world peace, promote common development and contribute to world cooperation.
Referring to China and Portugal, Xi holds the belief that the two countries enjoy a traditional friendship with equal political trust and there is never lack of strengthened cooperation in various areas.
It is worthwhile working with Portugal to push forward the friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries.
教師要求學(xué)生先完成上述的語(yǔ)篇填空任務(wù),然后完成Letter of congratulations on Guterres的寫(xiě)作任務(wù),并要求作文包括以下兩方面內(nèi)容:①What are the existing problems?②What do you expect the UN to do?(教師提供了22個(gè)目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),供學(xué)生參考。)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
教師在本環(huán)節(jié)中概括了“Who is he?”和“Why him?”兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,在微語(yǔ)篇中串聯(lián)并總結(jié)了本節(jié)課的核心詞匯,然后要求學(xué)生思考當(dāng)今世界面對(duì)的主要問(wèn)題,希望聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題提供哪些援助,并盡可能多地利用本節(jié)課的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)形成書(shū)面的輸出內(nèi)容。
[反思]
初次備課中,教師要求學(xué)生補(bǔ)全微語(yǔ)篇,進(jìn)而讓學(xué)生分析當(dāng)今世界面臨哪些問(wèn)題,及學(xué)生期望聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)聯(lián)合國(guó)如何去提供幫助,并要求學(xué)生盡可能多地使用本節(jié)課的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)完成寫(xiě)作任務(wù)。該寫(xiě)作主題有內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言支架,但不能引起學(xué)生的興趣,限制了學(xué)生的思維。
語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的輸出可依托文本和補(bǔ)充閱讀的信息、內(nèi)容和思想來(lái)作為支架,通過(guò)深度理解閱讀文本來(lái)訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的遷移與創(chuàng)新能力。在初次備課的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,教師嘗試培養(yǎng)學(xué)生建構(gòu)國(guó)際視野,學(xué)習(xí)中外優(yōu)秀文化知識(shí),并學(xué)會(huì)理性看待中國(guó)與聯(lián)合國(guó)的關(guān)系,思考聯(lián)合國(guó)在世界范圍內(nèi)所起的具體作用,教學(xué)實(shí)質(zhì)就是探索閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元的主題意義。筆者整合了本單元Task中的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容,對(duì)公開(kāi)課的教案進(jìn)行了再設(shè)計(jì)。
(2)再次備課
Step 1. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
Chinese President Xi Jinping believes Guterres will keep his commitment to the UN Charter and work with the international community to deal with global challenges, safeguard world peace, promote common development and _________ world cooperation.
_________ China and Portugal, Xi holds the belief that the two countries enjoy a traditional friendship with_________ political trust and there is never_________ strengthened cooperation in various areas.
It is _________ working with Portugal to push forward the friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries, Xi said.
(答案:contribute to;Referring to;equal;lack of;worthwhile)
Step 2. Writing a proposal
① Is Guterres really equal to the UNSC? Why or why not?
② What serious problems, which need Guterres help, are China faced with?
③ Suppose you were Guterres, you were asked to pay a visit to China and write a proposal to China about how to help address one of the serious problems discussed in your group.
Title:_________________________
Group members:________________
Introduction of the problem:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wed like to help _______________ by _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Benefits:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I am glad that I am invited to visit China. And it is a great honour to give some suggestions on how to address ________________. I hope__________________ can be coped with early. Thank you.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的輸出活動(dòng)能夠給學(xué)生搭建思維的舞臺(tái),展示、拓展和提高邏輯、批判和創(chuàng)新思維能力。筆者設(shè)計(jì)的三個(gè)問(wèn)題循序漸進(jìn),在口頭討論和書(shū)面表達(dá)中訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的邏輯思維,首先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考古特雷斯是否真正適合聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)一職,一方面總結(jié)微語(yǔ)篇的信息和內(nèi)容,另一方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判思維;然后筆者創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,讓學(xué)生思考中國(guó)面臨哪些嚴(yán)峻問(wèn)題,并站在聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的角度提供建議,這有利于讓學(xué)生深度理解聯(lián)合國(guó)的功能和職責(zé),就幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)展、促進(jìn)全球合作、維護(hù)世界和平提出自己創(chuàng)造性的見(jiàn)解,開(kāi)拓國(guó)際視野,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元主題意義中的功能。
語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)該是一個(gè)解剖意義、內(nèi)化意義、構(gòu)建意義的過(guò)程。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,教師依托微語(yǔ)篇,在閱讀教學(xué)中借助新創(chuàng)設(shè)的語(yǔ)境,以文本中核心語(yǔ)言知識(shí)為明線,以主題意義為暗線,探索課文的主題意義,同時(shí)也拓展主題的寬度、深度、廣度。以明線和暗線兩個(gè)維度為支撐,挖掘課文和微語(yǔ)篇的主題關(guān)聯(lián),凸顯出單元主題意義和內(nèi)涵,在主題意義的構(gòu)建中培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力、思維能力,也幫助學(xué)生樹(shù)立了正確的價(jià)值觀。
參考文獻(xiàn)
梅德明,王薔. 2018. 普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)解讀[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社.
王為忠. 2018. 話題視角下高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課第二課時(shí)的磨課實(shí)踐[J]. 中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇), (8):29-34
中華人民共和國(guó)教育部. 2018. 普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社.
王俊,江蘇省南京市大廠高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師。
以上有關(guān)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí):依托微語(yǔ)篇,探究高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在單元的主題意義的內(nèi)容,來(lái)自《英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)》雜志。