同學(xué)們可以在表達(dá)多樣化上有所提升, 突破單一句式,使文章生動(dòng)活潑、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。比如可以學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用聽力課堂小編總結(jié)的以下表達(dá)方式:
1. 使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式
用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以使句子簡(jiǎn)潔。例如:
We were surrounded by a variety of buildings. We found ourselves deeply absorbed in the sight. After the visit, we left the park and we felt joyful.
→Surrounded by a variety of buildings, we found ourselves deeply absorbed in the sight. After the visit, we left the park feeling joyful.
2. 使用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu), 也就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),常作伴隨狀語(yǔ)以增加被描繪內(nèi)容的生動(dòng)性,使文章讀起來更簡(jiǎn)潔明了。
例如:
I could not go on studying because there was so much noise troubling me.
→I could not go on studying with so much noise troubling me.(2004廣東卷)
3. 使用復(fù)合句
復(fù)合句可以把結(jié)構(gòu)松散的句子連接起來,從而使表達(dá)顯得高級(jí)。例如:
① Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (2008山東卷)
?、?It is our belief that improvements in environment will contribute to the development of our society.
?、?Additionally, as the data shows, there are roughly 350 million smokers in China, 75% of which are males while 25% are females. What amazes us is that around 540 million people are affected by second hand smoke. (2010廣東高考考場(chǎng)作文)
4. 使用倒裝句, 強(qiáng)調(diào)句, 虛擬語(yǔ)氣等
使用這些句式可使文章化平淡為生動(dòng),加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,使評(píng)卷老師感受到作者的強(qiáng)烈情感。
He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.
→It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
→Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened. (倒裝句)
綜合使用以上句式, 長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合,可以增強(qiáng)句子的連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。
要寫出好的文章,詞句的積累非常重要。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用一些常用的習(xí)慣表達(dá)和典型句式既能有效地減少文章中的病句,又能給文章添彩。
對(duì)課文中出現(xiàn)的佳句,同學(xué)們可以進(jìn)行摘錄。筆者創(chuàng)編了下面的幾個(gè)句子,同學(xué)們可以先口頭后書面練習(xí):
?、?幫助他學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué), 對(duì)我來說也是一個(gè)顯擺自己的機(jī)會(huì)。
Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself by helping him learn maths.
(練習(xí)表達(dá)distinguish oneself )
?、?雖然做好了失敗的準(zhǔn)備,我仍然感到傷心并決定抓住每一分鐘更加努力提高我的英語(yǔ)。
Prepared for the failure, I still felt upset and decided to work even harder to seize every minute to improve my English.
(練習(xí)過去分詞作狀語(yǔ);表達(dá)seize every minute to do sth. )
③ 被她的耐心所感動(dòng),我對(duì)自己的粗魯行為感到尷尬并決定學(xué)做有耐心的人,這有助于我與同學(xué)、朋友和父母很好地相處。
Moved by her patience, I felt embarrassed for my rude behavior and decided to learn to be a patient person, which helps me get along well with my classmates, my friends and my parents.
(練習(xí)過去分詞作狀語(yǔ);定語(yǔ)從句的用法)
?、?只有把競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和合作相聯(lián)合,才能有助于我們達(dá)到目標(biāo)并滿足自身需求。
Only when competition combines with cooperation can it help in obtaining our goals and satisfying our needs.
(練習(xí)倒裝句;表達(dá)obtain one?蒺s goal, satisfy one?蒺s needs)
這樣,一些好詞、好的表達(dá)、好的句式,經(jīng)過反復(fù)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐后,已經(jīng)“內(nèi)化”成自己的東西,用時(shí)自然“輕車熟路”。
高中生在日常英語(yǔ)寫作中,最大的問題是詞匯量不足,想表達(dá)某種意思,但“茶壺倒餃子”,表達(dá)不出來,大腦一片空白,絞盡腦汁拼命“擠出”幾個(gè)單詞和幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子,還有可能詞不達(dá)意或表達(dá)不得體,這與平時(shí)不重視詞匯積累有關(guān)。
作為高二的學(xué)生,雖然已經(jīng)積累了一定的詞匯,但還是感覺到平時(shí)記的詞到了寫作文的時(shí)候記不起來,不會(huì)用。這主要是因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)記的一些單詞,可能是孤立地記的,沒有運(yùn)用,還沒有“內(nèi)化”成自己隨時(shí)可用的“有效詞匯”。
解決這個(gè)問題有兩條途徑。
第一條途徑是積極、大量、用心地閱讀,在閱讀中體驗(yàn)鮮活詞匯的用法,看多了,自然就在腦海中留下了“痕跡”,到寫作時(shí),這些詞匯就會(huì)“信手拈來”。閱讀和寫作是互相促進(jìn)、相輔相成的。有些詞匯和句型,只有通過廣泛的閱讀才能把它們運(yùn)用得更熟練,表達(dá)得更準(zhǔn)確。反過來,這也可以有效地提高我們的閱讀理解能力。哪怕是平時(shí)做的閱讀理解題,做完之后也可以把那些好詞、好的表達(dá)摘錄下來并熟記;遇見好的文章,把它們按照不同體裁和主題整理出來,如果有二三十篇不同類型的好文章爛熟于胸,自然會(huì)對(duì)寫作會(huì)有所幫助。
第二條途徑就是記語(yǔ)塊。語(yǔ)塊就是一些能表達(dá)一定意義的語(yǔ)料。實(shí)際上,學(xué)生在寫作的時(shí)候,最主要的還是不會(huì)表達(dá),“肚里沒料”。平時(shí)不能孤立地記單詞,應(yīng)該記表達(dá)。比如關(guān)于A Healthy Life 這一話題,同學(xué)們可以整理并創(chuàng)編以下語(yǔ)塊:
?、?我長(zhǎng)壽而且精力充沛,要?dú)w功于我的健康生活 my long and active life must be due to the healthy life
② 年紀(jì)大了仍然很活躍remain active even in old age
?、?更注重健康飲食的重要性pay more attention to the importance of a healthy diet
④ 隨著對(duì)……更深入的了解with a better understanding of ...
?、?當(dāng)代社會(huì)的主要趨勢(shì)the major trends in contemporary society
這些語(yǔ)塊在一定的情景中,適當(dāng)?shù)亟M合起來,就可以寫出一段好文章。
一篇文章是由若干個(gè)段落組成的。把段落寫好了,寫作文就有了良好的基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)步也更快。一個(gè)段落,要注意其單一性和連貫性。一段文章應(yīng)該只說明一個(gè)問題,或一個(gè)問題的某一方面。為了寫好段落,通常的寫法是:在一段的開頭用一句話點(diǎn)出本段的中心意思,即“主題句”,然后用幾句來證明、解釋或發(fā)揮這個(gè)中心意思,最后再用一句把本段的意思小結(jié)一下。
還要注意寫好每一個(gè)句子。比如,要把句子寫完整;同樣的意思可用一句話表達(dá)的,就不要再添上兩三句話來反復(fù)說明湊字?jǐn)?shù);句與句之間在邏輯上要連貫;文段中的句式應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)短結(jié)合、錯(cuò)落有致。
常見的練習(xí)寫作的形式有:
?、?看圖說話/寫話
新課標(biāo)的教材圖文并茂,為看圖說話的練習(xí)提供了豐富的素材,可充分利用。比如已知話題Women of Achievements時(shí), 可根據(jù)自己所了解的有關(guān)宋慶齡的情況,作出如下敘述:
Song Qingling was considered to be one of the greatest women in the world. She married Dr. Sun Zhongshan in 1915. She was the vice president of the People's Republic of China for many years. The impression she makes on me is that she has made so great contributions to the Chinese revolution that all Chinese people love her.
這樣的敘述話語(yǔ)不要求太多,能夠抓住重點(diǎn),正確運(yùn)用習(xí)慣表達(dá)即可。
?、?縮寫
縮寫是在保留原文體裁、題材、主要內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)順序、人稱角度等的前提下概括原文內(nèi)容??s寫課文一般應(yīng)該用自己的話來寫,不能只停留在拼湊原文的詞句上,也不要逐句、逐段照原文去改寫。
?、?仿寫
仿寫既可以降低寫作難度,又可以學(xué)以致用。當(dāng)同學(xué)們掌握了對(duì)地理位置的描述,對(duì)氣候、環(huán)境、資源、歷史以及人口、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的描寫,學(xué)會(huì)了對(duì)有關(guān)國(guó)家、城市、旅游景點(diǎn)描寫的寫作方法, 就可以仿寫自己所熟悉的某個(gè)城市的概況,并以一個(gè)導(dǎo)游的身份介紹給外賓。
?、?評(píng)寫
關(guān)于某一話題同學(xué)們可以詳細(xì)地陳述贊同與反對(duì)兩方面的觀點(diǎn)及理由。
?、?串寫
給出每個(gè)自然段的主題句,順著主題句把文段寫完。比如:
(1) With the development of science and technology, China is facing a lot of problems with the environment...
(2) The city of Guangzhou lies in the south of China, which is famous as a commercial center and green city. But in my view the environment...
(3) As a native of Guangzhou, I am concerned about the environment here very much. I have thought of a plan to make our city more beautiful...
⑥ 練習(xí)寫周記、日記
這是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)自由寫作能力的第一步。寫周記、日記,學(xué)生不受內(nèi)容和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的限制,可就熟悉的題材,充分發(fā)揮自己的想象力,自由表達(dá)。但是寫日記、周記要有事可記、有話可寫。
總之,要提高自己的英語(yǔ)寫作水平,首先要有積累;其次要自主、自覺地長(zhǎng)期練習(xí);還要讀寫結(jié)合,多渠道地努力。