第一部分 英國(guó)
第一章 英國(guó)地理
1. The official name of the
2. There are three political divisions on the islands of
3. About a hundred years ago,
4. The
5.
6.
7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.
8. Ben Nevis in
9. There are three natural zones in
10.
11.
蘇格蘭有800座島嶼,包括奧克內(nèi)群島,謝特蘭群島和赫不里德群島。
12. Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the
除此以外,東海岸的鄧恩河,泰河,迪斯河和泰晤士河都面臨歐洲大陸上的北海各港口。
13. The longest river in
英國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流是賽文河,最重要的河流是泰晤士河。克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。
14. Though the weather in
雖然英國(guó)的天氣總是如此變化無(wú)常,無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè),但實(shí)際上英國(guó)的天氣相當(dāng)宜人。英國(guó)全年有穩(wěn)定的降雨量。
15.
英國(guó)人口為57411000。它是一個(gè)人口稠密,分布不均的國(guó)家,每平方公里平均237人,90%的人生活在城鎮(zhèn),只有10%的人居住在農(nóng)村。
16. the English are Anglo-Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.
英格蘭人是安各魯-撒克遜人。而威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭人是凱爾特人。
17. The Celts of
威爾士的凱爾特人為自由戰(zhàn)斗了1000年,直到1536年才被英格蘭人征服。今天有大約四分之一的威爾士人把威爾士語(yǔ)當(dāng)作第一語(yǔ)言,大約1%的人只講威爾士語(yǔ)。
18. though the Gaelic language is still heard in the Highlands and western isles, the English language is spoken all over the
盡管在高地和西部島嶼還能聽到蓋爾語(yǔ),但英語(yǔ)卻遍及全蘇格蘭。
19. Since then, there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics who are seeking more social and economic opportunities.
從那時(shí)起,新教徒和羅馬天主教徒間展開了艱苦的斗爭(zhēng),新教徒是統(tǒng)治者,而羅馬教徒要求更多社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)。
20. About three million have came to live and find work since world war second. They are mainly from the West Indies,
自二戰(zhàn)以來(lái),約有三百萬(wàn)人來(lái)到英國(guó)居住,他們主要來(lái)自西印度群島,印度和巴基斯坦。
第二節(jié) 英國(guó)的起源(歷史部分)
21. The first known setters of
人們所知的英國(guó)最早居民是伊比例亞人。更為引人注目的是那些圓形石結(jié)構(gòu),其中最重要的是在維爾特郡發(fā)現(xiàn)的巨石陣。
22. The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to
凱爾特人最初來(lái)自于東歐及中歐,他們?nèi)肭钟?guó)分三次高潮:第一次是蓋爾人;第二次是布立吞人;第三次是比利其人。
23. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded
偉大的羅馬將軍朱略思,愷撒,于公元前55年第一次入侵英國(guó)。將近400年,英國(guó)人處于羅馬的占領(lǐng)下。
24. The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrian’s wall running from Carlisle to
羅馬人修建了2座長(zhǎng)城以抵御皮特人。一條是哈德良長(zhǎng)城,從卡萊爾到紐卡斯?fàn)?,另一條是鏈接福斯河口和克萊德河口的安東尼長(zhǎng)城。
25. The Romans made use of
羅馬人很好地利用了英國(guó)的自然資源,開采鉛礦、鐵礦和錫礦以及生產(chǎn)陶瓷。
26. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to
五世紀(jì)中葉,朱特人,撒克遜人和安各魯人不斷入侵英國(guó)。這是三支日爾曼部落。
27. These seven principal kingdoms of
這七個(gè)主要的王國(guó):肯特、威塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、埃賽克斯、東安各魯,麥西亞和諾森薄利亞合稱七王國(guó)。
28. At the beginning of ninth century, under their king Egbert the
九世紀(jì)初,在國(guó)王埃格伯特的帶領(lǐng)下,西撒克遜人打敗了麥西亞人。829年,埃格伯特成了整個(gè)英國(guó)的最高君主。
29. In 597, pope Gregory I sent st.Augustine to
597年,教皇格里高利派遣圣奧古斯廷去英格蘭,使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督教方面,圣奧古斯廷特別成功。
30. Alferd, king of
威塞克斯的國(guó)王阿爾佛雷德非常強(qiáng)大,打敗了丹麥人,他以“英國(guó)海軍之父”聞名于史。
31. When Ethebred’s death left no strong Saxon successor, the Witan chose Canute the Danish leader, as king in 1016.
埃塞爾雷德死后沒(méi)有留下有實(shí)力的撒克遜繼承人,于是賢人會(huì)議選擇了丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)克努特為國(guó)王。
32. King Edward seemed more concerned with building Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state. He was far more
愛(ài)德華國(guó)王對(duì)國(guó)事的關(guān)心遠(yuǎn)不及對(duì)威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建,他更像諾曼人而非撒克遜人。
33. Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harold’s death. William was crowned king of
隨著哈羅德德死亡,安各魯撒克遜人的英國(guó)消失了,在威斯敏斯特大教堂,約克大主教加冕威廉為英格蘭國(guó)王。
34. The Norman conquest of
諾曼征服或許是英國(guó)歷史上最著名的事件,至此,英格蘭的封建制度被完全建立起來(lái)。
第三節(jié) 英國(guó)的形成
35. William replaced the witan , the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.
威廉用由他的土地承租人組成的大議會(huì)取代了安各魯撒克遜國(guó)王的顧問(wèn)團(tuán)-賢人會(huì)議。
36. The Doomsday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of general survey of
《末日審判書》完成于1086年,它記錄了1085年進(jìn)行的英國(guó)總調(diào)查結(jié)果。此冊(cè)陳述了土地的范圍、價(jià)值、人口、耕種情況和所有權(quán)。
37. William’s policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.
威廉對(duì)教會(huì)的政策是完全控制的同時(shí),贊成它擁有權(quán)利。
38. Henry Π was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. He took measures to bring the disorders of king Stephen reign to an end.
亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位國(guó)王。他采取措施結(jié)束了史蒂芬森國(guó)王統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的混亂局面。
39. Henry Π greatly strengthened the King’s Court and extended with its judicial work. He insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the King’s Courts instead of in the Bishop’s Court.
亨利二世大大加強(qiáng)了王室法庭的力量并擴(kuò)展了司法工作。他堅(jiān)持被控刑事犯罪的教士都應(yīng)在國(guó)王法庭受審而不是在主教法庭受審。
40. It was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Tomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
正是神職人員享有的特權(quán)導(dǎo)致了亨利國(guó)王和坎特伯雷大主教托馬斯貝克特之間的沖突。
41. Geoffrey Chaucer’s best known work is the Canterbury Tales which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to
杰佛利喬叟的名著《坎特伯雷故事集》描述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷參觀托馬斯貝克特墳?zāi)沟穆眯小?/span>
42. The baron’s charter, or Magna Carta, as it came to be known was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215.
1215年夏天,貴族代表團(tuán)把他們的憲章——后以大憲章聞名——遞交給國(guó)王和他的顧問(wèn)團(tuán)們。
43. A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter, with the right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions.
由24名貴族和倫敦市市長(zhǎng)組成的委員會(huì)幫助國(guó)王執(zhí)行大憲章,若國(guó)王違反規(guī)定,他們有權(quán)對(duì)國(guó)王宣戰(zhàn)。
44. Magna Carta was a statement of feudal and legal relationship between the crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the power of the king.
大憲章陳述的是國(guó)王與貴族間的封建和法律關(guān)系,保證了教會(huì)自由和限制了王權(quán)。
45. While the king Henry Ⅲ and Prince Edward were keep in prison, Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the great council to meet at
1265年當(dāng)亨利三世國(guó)王和愛(ài)德華王子被關(guān)入監(jiān)獄,西蒙德孟福爾在威斯敏斯特召集大議會(huì),大議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來(lái)演變?yōu)樽h會(huì),分為上議院和下議院。
46. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law and Edward Ⅰpresented his new-born-son to the Welsh people as the Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.
1284年的威爾士法,使威爾士處于英國(guó)法律之下,愛(ài)德華一世將他新出生的兒子贈(zèng)與威爾士人民,封他為威爾士王子。此后,該稱號(hào)一直由該王位的繼承人沿用至今。
47. When Edward Ⅲ claimed the French Crown by the right of his mother Isabella, the French refused to recognize the claim because the Salic Law debarred females from the succession. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last a hundred years.
愛(ài)德華三世通過(guò)他母親伊莎貝拉的關(guān)系宣布繼承法國(guó)王位,但法國(guó)人民拒絕承認(rèn),因?yàn)樗_利法典規(guī)定女子不得繼承王位,于是在1337年,愛(ài)德華對(duì)法宣戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了一百年。
48. Black Death swept through
1348年夏天,黑死病橫掃全英國(guó),沒(méi)有任何征兆,它奪去了三分之一到一半的英國(guó)人口。
49. In 1351 the government issued a statute of Laborers which made it a crime for peasant to ask for more wage or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justice of the Peace.
1351年政府頒布“勞工法令”。規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求或者雇主支付比地方官制定的工資水平高的工資都是犯罪。
50. Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381, was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. It dealt a telling blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.
盡管1381年的農(nóng)民起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓了,但在英國(guó)歷史上留下了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。它沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度,產(chǎn)生了全新的自耕農(nóng)階級(jí),為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路
第四節(jié) 過(guò)渡時(shí)期的英國(guó)
51. The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)詞是指兩個(gè)家族間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),以紅玫瑰為標(biāo)志的藍(lán)凱斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標(biāo)志的約克家族。
52. In 1455, after Henry Ⅵ hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York’s son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward Ⅳ.
1455年,當(dāng)亨利六世再也沒(méi)有理由(將國(guó)家交給攝政者管理時(shí)),戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在約克家族成員和藍(lán)凱斯特家族成員中爆發(fā)了。1461年,約克公爵的兒子愛(ài)德華戰(zhàn)勝成功成為愛(ài)德華四世。
53. On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard Ⅲ and Henry Tudor.
1458年8月22日,玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最后一次戰(zhàn)役在理查德三世和亨利都鐸之間展開。
54. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henry Ⅷ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Pope Clement Ⅲ refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.
改革以爭(zhēng)取離婚開始,以脫離教皇而告終,亨利八世想與阿拉貢的公主凱瑟琳離婚,但教皇克萊蒙拒絕取消凱瑟琳和亨利八世之間的婚姻。
55. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the
亨利改革的目的是拜托英國(guó)教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系,成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
56. The laws (e.g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made his reform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position.
使改革可行的法律(如1534年的《繼承法案》和1535年的《至尊法案》)強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主的權(quán)利并自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位。
57. When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly recovert
瑪麗都鐸再愛(ài)德華后當(dāng)上女王,她試圖強(qiáng)迫人們重新皈依羅馬天主教。人們叫她“血腥瑪麗”。
58.
伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,人民自信,民族主義高漲,在文學(xué)和其它藝術(shù)方面,在探險(xiǎn)和對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)方面都取得了巨大成功。
59.
伊麗莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié),她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系,恢復(fù)父王獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
60. For nearly 30 years
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