1．who,whom和whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)who或whom均可指代人， 但who在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)， whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)； 兩者在引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可用that替換。 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)， who/that不可省略； 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， whom/who/that可以省略。
◆I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我與好幾位去年在
英語(yǔ)演講比賽中結(jié)識(shí)的同校同學(xué)成了好朋友。
◆I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards. 我有很多打算寄賀卡給他們的朋友。
◆The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.
我想與你討論的人是屠呦呦，2015年獲得諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的人。
(2)whose表所屬關(guān)系， 一般指人，也可指物， 在從句中作定語(yǔ)。 指物時(shí)相當(dāng)于of which; 指人時(shí)相當(dāng)于of whom。
◆The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
這家校內(nèi)商店的主要顧客是學(xué)生， 放假時(shí)商店關(guān)門。
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
◆Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.
湯姆是想出解決方法的唯一工程師?！?br />
2．that,which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)which指物， 在從句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，也可作定語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。that指人或物均可， 在從句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)， 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
◆She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。
(2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中， 關(guān)系代詞只用that不用which的情況：
①先行詞為不定代詞anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等時(shí)。
◆I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.
我拒絕接受因別人的錯(cuò)誤而對(duì)我進(jìn)行的指責(zé)。
②先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞， 或先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。
◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他們?cè)诠鹆謪⒂^的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。
③先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some，all等修飾時(shí)。
◆The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 這頓飯只有甜點(diǎn)是我真正愛(ài)吃的。
④先行詞中既有表示人又有表示物的名詞時(shí)。
◆They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.
他們將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在他們的長(zhǎng)途旅行中見(jiàn)到或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的人和事。
(3)關(guān)系詞只用which而不用that的情況：
①關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
◆The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.
這個(gè)男孩離家一個(gè)星期了，這使他父母很擔(dān)心。
②當(dāng)從句中的介詞提前， 構(gòu)成“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)。
◆We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我們生活在一個(gè)信息比以前更容易獲得的時(shí)代。
3．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行詞＋as…”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 像在我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。
which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句代指前面整句話內(nèi)容時(shí)只能位于主句之后。
◆(安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s long held dreams come true.
莫言被授予2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使中國(guó)人長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)?yè)碛械膲?mèng)想之一變成現(xiàn)實(shí)?！?br />
(2)as也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句， 定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明整個(gè)句子， 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的這種類似插入語(yǔ)的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
◆She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected. 她又缺席會(huì)議了，這在預(yù)料之中。
[典例] (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ語(yǔ)法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River____________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
that/which 解析： 先行詞為waters，且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填that/which。
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．(2015·陜西高考)A salesman ____________ is not punctual may not make a sale if he arrives late for an appointment.
2．(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________is driving your family crazy.
3．(2017·福建龍巖質(zhì)檢)Tibet is such a place____________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
4．(2016·江蘇高考單項(xiàng)填空)Many young people, most of ____________ were well educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
5．(2015·四川高考單項(xiàng)填空)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
