演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:科幻故事如何促成太空飛行

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【演講人及介紹】AlexMacDonald

亞歷山大·麥克唐納，TED研究員和美國(guó)宇航局經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。

【演講主題】幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的科幻如何促成太空飛行

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯 zoe chan 校對(duì) psjmz mz

00:12

I want to tell you a story about stories.And I want to tell you this story because I think we need to remember thatsometimes the stories we tell each other are more than just tales orentertainment or narratives. They're also vehicles for sowing inspiration andideas across our societies and across time. The story I'm about to tell you isabout how one of the most advanced technological achievements of the modern erahas its roots in stories, and how some of the most important transformationsyet to come might also.

今天我想講一個(gè)關(guān)于小說(shuō)的故事。我之所以想分享這個(gè)故事是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為我們需要記住，有時(shí)我們向別人講述的故事并不僅僅是傳說(shuō)，或只為博君一笑或?yàn)榱擞洈⒌墓适?。它們也承載著我們傳播跨越社會(huì)和時(shí)間的奇思妙想。今天我講的故事是關(guān)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的最高先進(jìn)的科技成就是如何起源于一個(gè)小說(shuō)故事，以及一些最重要的，還未發(fā)生的變革為何也是如此。

00:50

The story begins over 300 years ago, whenGalileo Galilei first learned of the recent Dutch invention that took twopieces of shaped glass and put them in a long tube and thereby extended humansight farther than ever before. When Galileo turned his new telescope to theheavens and to the Moon in particular, he discovered something incredible.These are pages from Galileo's book "Sidereus Nuncius," published in1610. And in them, he revealed to the world what he had discovered. And what hediscovered was that the Moon was not just a celestial object wandering acrossthe night sky, but rather, it was a world, a world with high, sunlit mountainsand dark "mare," the Latin word for seas. And once this new world andthe Moon had been discovered, people immediately began to think about how totravel there. And just as importantly, they began to write stories about howthat might happen and what those voyages might be like.

這個(gè)故事發(fā)生在三百多年前，在伽利略初次了解到一個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)最新的荷蘭發(fā)明的時(shí)候，這個(gè)發(fā)明是將兩片打磨過(guò)的玻璃放入一個(gè)長(zhǎng)管道里，并且從此將人類視野延伸到從未有過(guò)的遠(yuǎn)度。當(dāng)伽利略將他新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)向天際并且特別對(duì)準(zhǔn)月亮?xí)r，他得到了驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些內(nèi)容來(lái)源于伽利略1610年出版的《星際信使》。他在這本書里向世界揭示了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)月球不僅僅是一個(gè)在夜空中游蕩的天體，而是一個(gè)擁有陽(yáng)光照射的高山和深邃的海洋的世界。這個(gè)新世界和月亮的大門一旦開啟，人們立即開始思考如何到月球旅行。同樣重要的是，他們開始著手撰寫關(guān)于如何實(shí)現(xiàn)月球旅行以及航行細(xì)節(jié)的小說(shuō)故事。

01:55

One of the first people to do so wasactually the Bishop of Hereford, a man named Francis Godwin. Godwin wrote astory about a Spanish explorer, Domingo Gonsales, who ended up marooned on theisland of St. Helena in the middle of the Atlantic, and there, in an effort toget home, developed a machine, an invention, to harness the power of the localwild geese to allow him to fly -- and eventually to embark on a voyage to theMoon. Godwin's book, "The Man in the Moone, or a Discourse of a VoyageThither," was only published posthumously and anonymously in 1638, likelyon account of the number of controversial ideas that it contained, including anendorsement of the Copernican view of the universe that put the Sun at thecenter of the Solar System, as well as a pre-Newtonian concept of gravity thathad the idea that the weight of an object would decrease with increasingdistance from Earth. And that's to say nothing of his idea of a goose machinethat could go to the Moon.

實(shí)際上赫里福德主教是最早一批開始做這些事的人之一，他的真實(shí)名字是弗朗西斯·戈德溫。戈德溫寫了一個(gè)關(guān)于西班牙探險(xiǎn)家多明戈·岡薩雷斯的故事，他被困在大西洋中間一個(gè)叫做圣赫勒拿的島上，而他為了回到家鄉(xiāng)，發(fā)明了一個(gè)機(jī)器，這個(gè)機(jī)器可以駕馭當(dāng)?shù)氐囊吧笱爿d著他飛行——并最終開啟了一段前往月球的行程。戈德溫寫的《月中人或論月球之旅》在他死后的1638年才被匿名出版，這極有可能是因?yàn)闀邪柺軤?zhēng)議的觀點(diǎn)，包括對(duì)哥白尼日心說(shuō)宇宙觀的支持，以及在牛頓之前提出的萬(wàn)有引力概念，即一個(gè)物體的重量隨著與地球距離增加而減少。他的大雁飛行器想法也就是說(shuō)說(shuō)而已，肯定是無(wú)法到月球的。

02:53

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02:54

And while this idea of a voyage to the Moonby goose machine might not seem particularly insightful or technically creativeto us today, what's important is that Godwin described getting to the Moon notby a dream or by magic, as Johannes Kepler had written about, but rather,through human invention. And it was this idea that we could build machines thatcould travel into the heavens, that would plant its seed in minds across thegenerations.

盡管這個(gè)利用大雁飛向月球的想法在今天看來(lái)并無(wú)遠(yuǎn)見，技術(shù)上也沒有創(chuàng)意，但重要的是戈德溫描述的不是通過(guò)做夢(mèng)或像開普勒寫的那樣通過(guò)魔法實(shí)現(xiàn)登月，而是通過(guò)人類發(fā)明實(shí)現(xiàn)。正是我們能夠建造可以遨游天際的飛行器這一思想在世世代代的人心中播下了種子。

03:22

The idea was next taken up by hiscontemporary, John Wilkins, then just a young student at Oxford, but later, oneof the founders of the Royal Society. John Wilkins took the idea of spacetravel in Godwin's text seriously and wrote not just another story but anonfiction philosophical treatise, entitled, "Discovery of the New Worldin the Moon, or, a Discourse Tending to Prove that 'tis Probable There May BeAnother Habitable World in that Planet." And note, by the way, that word"habitable." That idea in itself would have been a powerful incentivefor people thinking about how to build machines that could go there. In hisbooks, Wilkins seriously considered a number of technical methods forspaceflight, and it remains to this day the earliest known nonfiction accountof how we might travel to the Moon.

接著，同時(shí)代的約翰·威爾金斯繼承了戈德溫的思想，當(dāng)時(shí)他只是一名來(lái)自牛津大學(xué)的年輕學(xué)生，但后來(lái)，他成為了英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)的創(chuàng)始人之一。約翰·威爾金斯認(rèn)真汲取了戈德溫書中太空旅行的觀點(diǎn)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上完成了另一個(gè)故事。這是一篇非虛構(gòu)類哲學(xué)類專著，題目是《新世界的發(fā)現(xiàn)，或一種傾向于證明那顆行星上可能有可居住的世界的論述》。注意“可居住”這個(gè)詞。這個(gè)想法本身就能強(qiáng)烈激勵(lì)人們思考怎樣建造通往那里的機(jī)器。在書中，威爾金斯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乜紤]了幾種太空飛行的技術(shù)方法，這是已知最早的非虛構(gòu)類的關(guān)于我們?nèi)绾蔚窃碌恼f(shuō)明。

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