演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:老師們需要真正的反饋

聽(tīng)力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語(yǔ)文稿，供各位英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:老師們需要真正的反饋，希望你會(huì)喜歡！

【演講人】比爾·蓋茨

【演講主題】《老師們需要真正的反饋》

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者明寬 張 校對(duì)xuan wang

00:04

每一個(gè)人都需要一位教練。無(wú)論你是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，體操選手或者是打橋牌的。（笑聲）

Everyone needs a coach.It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player,a tennis player, a gymnastor a bridge player.(Laughter)

00:18

我的橋牌教練，Sharon Osberg，說(shuō)包含她后腦勺的照片比世界上其他任何人的都多。（笑聲）抱歉，Sharon。這張應(yīng)該可以了。

My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg,says there are more pictures of the back of her headthan anyone else's in the world. (Laughter)Sorry, Sharon. Here you go.

00:30

我們都需要能給我們反饋信息的人。這是我們不斷自我發(fā)展的方式。遺憾的是，有一群人幾乎收不到系統(tǒng)化的反饋信息來(lái)提高他們的工作效率，而這一群人從事著世界上最重要的職業(yè)之一。我指的就是老師們。當(dāng)Melinda和我了解到大部分老師得到的有用的反饋有多么少時(shí)，我們驚呆了。直到最近，超過(guò)98%的老師得到的反饋只包含一個(gè)詞：滿意。如果我的橋牌教練只跟我說(shuō)我的表現(xiàn)“令人滿意”，我永遠(yuǎn)也不可能變得更好。我怎么知道誰(shuí)是最好的？我怎么知道什么事我做的和別人不一樣？現(xiàn)在，各個(gè)校區(qū)都在改進(jìn)評(píng)估教師的方式，但是我們?nèi)越o他們很少能夠提高他們工作水平的反饋信息。我們的教師應(yīng)該受到更好的對(duì)待。今天我們?cè)谟玫南到y(tǒng)對(duì)他們不公平。這系統(tǒng)對(duì)學(xué)生也不公平，而且置美國(guó)的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位于水深火熱之中。因此今天我想講講我們?nèi)绾文軒椭械睦蠋煫@得他們想要而且值得獲得的提高自己的工具。

We all need people who will give us feedback.That's how we improve.Unfortunately, there's one group of peoplewho get almost no systematic feedbackto help them do their jobs better,and these peoplehave one of the most important jobs in the world.I'm talking about teachers.When Melinda and I learnedhow little useful feedback most teachers get,we were blown away.Until recently, over 98 percent of teachersjust got one word of feedback:Satisfactory.If all my bridge coach ever told mewas that I was "satisfactory,"I would have no hope of ever getting better.How would I know who was the best?How would I know what I was doing differently?Today, districts are revampingthe way they evaluate teachers,but we still give them almost no feedbackthat actually helps them improve their practice.Our teachers deserve better.The system we have today isn't fair to them.It's not fair to students,and it's putting America's global leadership at risk.So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachersget the tools for improvement they want and deserve.

01:54

我們先來(lái)問(wèn)問(wèn)誰(shuí)做得比較好。遺憾的是，國(guó)際上沒(méi)有一個(gè)用來(lái)給評(píng)估老師的系統(tǒng)分等級(jí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以我看了看那些擁有學(xué)術(shù)表現(xiàn)非常好的學(xué)生的國(guó)家，然后看看他們?cè)谧鍪裁磥?lái)幫助他們的教師提高教學(xué)水平。我們來(lái)看看閱讀水平的排名。美國(guó)并不是第一。我們甚至連前十都沒(méi)能進(jìn)入。我們和冰島以及波蘭并列排名第15名。在閱讀水平方面做得比美國(guó)出色的地方中又有多少個(gè)擁有能幫助教師提高自己的正規(guī)流程？11個(gè)。在閱讀方面美國(guó)并列第15名，但在科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)方面我們分別排在第23名與第31名。因此我們只有一個(gè)方面排名比較靠前，而那就是無(wú)法提供給教師發(fā)展自己所需要的幫助。

Let's start by asking who's doing well.Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tablesfor teacher feedback systems.So I looked at the countrieswhose students perform well academically,and looked at what they're doingto help their teachers improve.Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.The U.S. isn't number one.We're not even in the top 10.We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland.Now, out of all the placesthat do better than the U.S. in reading,how many of them have a formal systemfor helping teachers improve?Eleven out of 14.The U.S. is tied for 15th in reading,but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math.So there's really only one area where we're near the top,and that's in failing to give our teachersthe help they need to develop their skills.

02:55

我們來(lái)看看學(xué)業(yè)上表現(xiàn)最好的地區(qū)：中國(guó)的上海。他們?cè)陂喿x，數(shù)學(xué)以及科學(xué)等所有方面排名都是第一，而上海能有這種令人驚訝的成功的關(guān)鍵之一就在于他們幫助教師不斷自我發(fā)展的方式。他們確保年輕的教師有機(jī)會(huì)看到資深教師授課。他們每周都有讓老師聚在一起并討論哪些教學(xué)方法比較有用的學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)。他們甚至要求每位老師觀察他的同事并給他們反饋信息。

Let's look at the best academic performer:the province of Shanghai, China.Now, they rank number one across the board,in reading, math and science,and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible successis the way they help teachers keep improving.They made sure that younger teachersget a chance to watch master teachers at work.They have weekly study groups,where teachers get together and talk about what's working.They even require each teacher to observeand give feedback to their colleagues.

03:33

也許你會(huì)問(wèn)，為什么這樣的系統(tǒng)那么重要？這是因?yàn)樵诮處熯@個(gè)職業(yè)中有太多的不同。有的教師的教學(xué)效率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其他教師。事實(shí)上，在全國(guó)各地有一些老師正在幫助他們的學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)難以想象的巨大進(jìn)步。如果今天的普通老師能和那些老師一樣好，我們的學(xué)生就可以在全世界獨(dú)領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷了。因此我們需要一個(gè)能使我們每一位教師和最好的教師一樣好的系統(tǒng)。

You might ask, why is a system like this so important?It's because there's so much variationin the teaching profession.Some teachers are far more effective than others.In fact, there are teachers throughout the countrywho are helping their students make extraordinary gains.If today's average teachercould become as good as those teachers,our students would be blowing away the rest of the world.So we need a system that helps all our teachersbe as good as the best.

04:06

這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)會(huì)是什么樣子的？為了查明這個(gè)事情，我們的基金會(huì)和全國(guó)各個(gè)校區(qū)的3000多名老師合作開(kāi)展了一個(gè)叫“有效教育方式”(MET)的項(xiàng)目。我們派遣觀察員觀看老師在教學(xué)中的錄像并且評(píng)估他們所做的一系列事情。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，他們有沒(méi)有問(wèn)學(xué)生具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題？他們有沒(méi)有找到多種方式來(lái)解釋一個(gè)概念？我們也讓學(xué)生做包含如“你的老師是否知道整個(gè)班級(jí)聽(tīng)懂了一堂課？”“你是否學(xué)會(huì)了改正錯(cuò)誤？”等問(wèn)題的問(wèn)卷。

What would that system look like?Well, to find out, our foundationhas been working with 3,000 teachersin districts across the countryon a project called Measures of Effective Teaching.We had observers watch videosof teachers in the classroomand rate how they did on a range of practices.For example, did they ask their studentschallenging questions?Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea?We also had students fill out surveys with questions like,"Does your teacher knowwhen the class understands a lesson?""Do you learn to correct your mistakes?"

04:47

結(jié)果令我們非常驚喜。首先，在這些評(píng)測(cè)中表現(xiàn)很好的老師所教出來(lái)的學(xué)生也更好。這說(shuō)明我們問(wèn)的問(wèn)題是對(duì)的。其次，參與這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的老師告訴我們這些錄像以及向?qū)W生發(fā)放的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷是非常有用的診斷工具，因?yàn)樗鼈冎该髁私處焸兡軌蚋倪M(jìn)的具體環(huán)節(jié)。我想讓你們看看MET中的視頻部分是什么樣的。

And what we found is very exciting.First, the teachers who did well on these observationshad far better student outcomes.So it tells us we're asking the right questions.And second, teachers in the program told usthat these videos and these surveys from the studentswere very helpful diagnostic tools,because they pointed to specific placeswhere they can improve.I want to show you what this video component of METlooks like in action.

05:20

（音樂(lè)）

05:23

（錄像）Sarah Brown Wessling: 大家早上好。讓我們說(shuō)說(shuō)今天干些什么。首先，今天將會(huì)是一個(gè)“同學(xué)互評(píng)日”。這個(gè)“同學(xué)互評(píng)日”的目的就是在下課前大家可以好好判斷自己作文是不是經(jīng)得起推敲。

(Video) Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody.Let's talk about what's going on today.To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay?A peer review day, and our goal by the end of classis for you to be able to determinewhether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.

05:37

我的名字是Sarah Brown Wessling。我在衣阿華州的Johnston的Johnston高中擔(dān)任英語(yǔ)老師。

My name is Sarah Brown Wessling.I am a high school English teacherat Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.

05:43

轉(zhuǎn)向你們身邊的一個(gè)人。告訴他們你認(rèn)為我說(shuō)“經(jīng)得起推敲”時(shí)我是什么意思。我曾說(shuō)過(guò)--

Turn to somebody next to you.Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove. I've talk about --

05:47

我認(rèn)為對(duì)于老師而言，我們對(duì)我們的表現(xiàn)的抽象看法和實(shí)際情況是有區(qū)別的。

I think that there is a difference for teachersbetween the abstract of how we see our practiceand then the concrete reality of it.

05:55

好的，請(qǐng)你們拿出你們的紙張。

Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.

05:58

我認(rèn)為視頻給我們展現(xiàn)了某種程度的現(xiàn)實(shí)。你無(wú)法對(duì)你在視頻中看到的表示異議，你從中能學(xué)到很多，而且當(dāng)我們看到它時(shí)我們看到有很多方式能讓我們的職業(yè)水平更上一層樓。我只有這個(gè)輕按相機(jī)和這個(gè)小小的三腳架并再花了一點(diǎn)錢(qián)買(mǎi)了這個(gè)微小的廣角鏡。在開(kāi)始上課的時(shí)候，我就把相機(jī)放在教室的后面。視角并非完美。它沒(méi)法捕捉到發(fā)生的每一件事。但我能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)聲音。我能看到很多。而且我能從中學(xué)到很多。因此它成了一個(gè)用于自我反思的簡(jiǎn)單而強(qiáng)大的工具。

I think what video offers for usis a certain degree of reality.You can't really dispute what you see on the video,and there is a lot to be learned from that,and there are a lot of ways that we can growas a profession when we actually get to see this.I just have a flip camera and a little tripodand invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.At the beginning of class, I just perch itin the back of the classroom. It's not a perfect shot.It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on.But I can hear the sound. I can see a lot.And I'm able to learn a lot from it.So it really has been a simplebut powerful tool in my own reflection.

06:39

好的，我們先看看比較長(zhǎng)的一段，怎么樣？

All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay?

06:42

一旦錄完了，我就把它放到電腦里，掃描一下然后看一眼。如果我不把東西寫(xiě)下來(lái)我就無(wú)法記住它們。

Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer,and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it.If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.

06:50

因此記筆記也是我思考過(guò)程中的一部分，而當(dāng)我在做記錄時(shí)我也就發(fā)現(xiàn)了我在看的是什么。我把它用于我的個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)以及關(guān)于教學(xué)方式，教學(xué)原則，課堂管理等各種各樣的和課堂有關(guān)的方面的個(gè)人反思。

So having the notes is a part of my thinking process,and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing.I really have used it for my own personal growthand my own personal reflection on teaching strategyand methodology and classroom management,and just all of those different facets of the classroom.

07:09

我很高興我們以前做過(guò)類(lèi)似的事情所以我們能通過(guò)比較得出孰優(yōu)孰劣。

I'm glad that we've actually done the process beforeso we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.

07:14

我覺(jué)得視頻揭示了大量的所對(duì)我們老師而言從根本上幫助我們學(xué)習(xí)和理解的方式方法，并且也幫助社會(huì)理解這個(gè)復(fù)雜的工作究竟是干嘛的。我認(rèn)為這展現(xiàn)了一些事情他們是我們無(wú)法用教學(xué)計(jì)劃，一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，甚至一個(gè)關(guān)于教育學(xué)的書(shū)來(lái)表達(dá)的。

I think that video exposesso much of what's intrinsic to us as teachersin ways that help us learn and help us understand,and then help our broader communities understandwhat this complex work is really all about.I think it is a way to exemplify and illustratethings that we cannot convey in a lesson plan,things you cannot convey in a standard,things that you cannot even sometimes conveyin a book of pedagogy.

07:45

好了，大家，祝你們周末愉快。下次見(jiàn)。

Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend.I'll see you later.

07:48

[每一個(gè)教室都能像那樣]

[Every classroom could look like that]

07:51

（掌聲）

07:56

比爾 蓋茨：我們希望有一天全美的教室都可以像這樣。但我們還有很多事要做。梳理出一位老師在什么地方需要改進(jìn)只是戰(zhàn)斗的一半。我們還要給他們能讓他們基于診斷結(jié)果采取措施的工具。如果你知道你要提高自己教分?jǐn)?shù)的方式，你應(yīng)該可以看一段世上最好的人教分?jǐn)?shù)的視頻。

Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in Americato look something like that.But we still have more work to do.Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improveis only half the battle.We also have to give them the tools they needto act on the diagnosis.If you learn that you need to improvethe way you teach fractions,you should be able to watch a videoof the best person in the world teaching fractions.

08:25

所以說(shuō)建立一個(gè)完整的能給予老師反饋信息以及自我發(fā)展手段的系統(tǒng)不會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單。比如說(shuō)，我知道一些老師對(duì)于在教室中放一個(gè)攝像機(jī)這樣的想法感到不舒適。這是可以理解的，但是我們?cè)贛ET中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明了如果老師們能忍受這一個(gè)過(guò)程，如果他們?cè)诮淌抑袖浿埔曨l，然后選擇他們想提交的視頻，很多老師會(huì)踴躍參與。

So building this complete teacher feedbackand improvement system won't be easy.For example, I know some teachersaren't immediately comfortable with the ideaof a camera in the classroom.That's understandable, but our experience with METsuggests that if teachers manage the process,if they collect video in their own classrooms,and they pick the lessons they want to submit,a lot of them will be eager to participate.

08:54

建立這樣一個(gè)體系也會(huì)需要大量的投資。我們的基金會(huì)估計(jì)會(huì)花費(fèi)多至50億美元。這是一個(gè)龐大的數(shù)字，但如果我們換一個(gè)視角來(lái)看，這比我們每年付給老師的工資的2%還要少。

Building this system will also requirea considerable investment.Our foundation estimates that it could costup to five billion dollars.Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective,it's less than two percentof what we spend every year on teacher salaries.

09:16

這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于老師的影響是無(wú)法估量的。我們終于會(huì)有一個(gè)能給他們反饋信息，并讓他們照此采取措施的方式。

The impact for teachers would be phenomenal.We would finally have a way to give them feedback,as well as the means to act on it.

09:26

但是這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)我們國(guó)家的好處會(huì)更大。它會(huì)讓我們走上一條能確保我們的學(xué)生能收到良好教育，找到一份報(bào)酬豐厚而且令人滿意的事業(yè)，并且讓他們有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想的道路。這不僅會(huì)使我們的國(guó)家更成功。這也會(huì)使我們的國(guó)家更充滿公平與正義。

But this system would havean even more important benefit for our country.It would put us on a path to making sureall our students get a great education,find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding,and have a chance to live out their dreams.This wouldn't just make us a more successful country.It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.

09:53

我為能給老師們他們想要且應(yīng)得的支援的機(jī)會(huì)感到欣喜。我希望大家也是。

I'm excited about the opportunityto give all our teachers the support they want and deserve.I hope you are too.

10:02

謝謝。

Thank you.

10:04

（掌聲）

(Applause)