第17章　連　詞 17.3　并列連詞

17.3　并列連詞

17.3.1　并列連詞and和or

1) and和or是用得最多的并列連詞，可以連接：

a． 兩個并列的動詞：

We were singing and dancing all evening. 整個晚上我們都在唱歌跳舞。

He started to shout and swear. 他開始又喊又罵。

You can walk up or take the cable car. 你可以走上去，也可坐纜車上去。

He never smokes or drinks. 他從不抽煙喝酒。

b． 名詞、形容詞等：

Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子兩人坐早上的火車去了紐約。

She was sweet and amiable. 她甜美和藹。

Read it slowly and clearly. 念慢一點，清楚一點。

Would you like fish or beef? 你要魚還是牛肉？

It's now or never, shall we chance it? 機不可失，時不再來。咱們要不要碰碰運氣？

c． 兩個并列的分句 （句子）：

I said it and I meant it. 我說話算話。

He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他很有錢，花起來很隨便。

Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? 你想馬上洗澡，還是我先洗？

Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later? 你想現(xiàn)在就走，還是愿意晚點出發(fā)？

2) and可連接兩個分句，表示“只要…？”：

Utter one word, and you are a dead man! 說一句話就要你的命！

Go straight on and you'll see a church. 一直往前走你會看到一座教堂。

Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他會得寸進尺。

3) or可連接分句，表示“否？”：

He had to have a job or (he would) go hungry. 他得有一份工作，否則就要挨餓。

Have a care what you say or you may regret it. 說話要當心，否則你會后悔。

Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident. 別開這么快，不然你會出車禍。

17.3.2　表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞

表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞主要有but，yet：

1) but主要連接兩個并列的分句：

All this he did, but it had no effect at all. 這一切他都做了，但一點都不起作用。

James hasn't got a car, but his sister has. 詹姆斯沒有小汽車，但他姐姐有。

She's been learning Italian for six years, but she doesn't speak it very well.她學(xué)意大利語有六年了，但還是講得不太好。

I'dlove to come but I can't make it till 8 o'clock. 我愿意來，不過要到八點才行。

有時也可連接兩個并列的成分：

The weather will be sunny but cold. 天氣會晴朗但很冷。

The fox may grow grey, but never good.（諺）狐貍會變老，卻不會變好。

He no longer felt despondent, but happy and hopeful. 他不再沮喪，而是開心并充滿希望。

He is not a novelist, but a dramatist. 他不是小說家，而是劇作家。

They see the trees, but not the forest. 他們只見樹木不見森林。

間或還可引導(dǎo)狀語：

He tried to save it, but in vain. 他努力想救活它，但沒有用。

He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room. 他向四周張望，但只看見那個空房間。

2) yet主要連接兩個分句：

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. （諺）創(chuàng)痛雖愈，傷痕猶在。

Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. 簡說她病了，但剛才在街上我曾看到她。

They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them. 它們又丑又貴，但人們還是要買。

有時連接兩個形容詞：

It is strange, yet true. 這很奇怪，卻是真的。

The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 這法官很嚴厲，但絕對公正。

有時還可與and和but一起用：

I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied. 我又給了他一些，但他仍然不滿意。

She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her. 她是個奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住會喜歡她。

3) however，nevertheless，still等為副詞，但可起連接作用，表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折：

however：

His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他的第一反應(yīng)是不行，但后來他改變了主意。

Sales are poor this month. There may, however, be an increase before Christmas. 這個月銷量很差，但圣誕節(jié)前可能會增加。

I'll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. 我將把它送給湯姆，不過他可能不會要。

nevertheless：

They hadn't trained hard, nevertheless (but) they won. 他們并沒有努力訓(xùn)練，但還是打贏了

He's charming;nevertheless, I don't trust him. 他很迷人，但我不太信任他。

He was angry, nevertheless (however) he listened to me. 他很生氣，不過他還是聽了我的話。

still：

You did wrong. Still, I'm ready to forgive you. 你做錯了事，不過我愿意原諒你。

It's raining;still I'dlike to go. 天在下雨，但我還是想去。

He is naughty, (but) still you cannot help liking him. 他很調(diào)皮，但你還是禁不住會喜歡他。

all the same：

Nobody wishes you harm, (but) they down you all the same. 沒有人有心傷害你，但他們還是看不起你。

She is naughty, all (just) the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很調(diào)皮，但對她的惡作劇我們還是要發(fā)笑。

I am sure she'll say yes, but I should ask her permission first all the same.我肯定她會答應(yīng)的，但我還是應(yīng)該先征求她的同意。

17.3.3　表示因果關(guān)系的連詞

1) for可表示“因？”，但引導(dǎo)的不是從句，而是分句，對前面情況加以解釋，常用逗號把它和前面的分句分開，這在書面語中比較多見（口語中多用because，as，since等 ）：

The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因為現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是十二月。

He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. 他吃得很香，因為自天亮起他就沒吃東西。

The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest before.孩子們很快迷了路，因為他們從未進過這座森林。

它還可以表示為什么有前面的看法（此時不能用because，as，since）：

It must have rained in the night for when I woke the next morning I saw the grass wet. 夜里準是下了雨，因為我早上我醒來看見草地是濕的。

She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast. 她肯定一早出去了，因為她沒來吃早飯。

2) so表示結(jié)果，可譯為“因？”、“所？”：

Nobody seemed about, so I went in. 附近似乎沒人，因此我走了進去。

The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven. 戲八點開始，所以他們得七點吃飯。

She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很疲倦，于是早早就睡覺了。

Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我們的箱子很重，因此我們坐了出租車。

3) therefore為副詞，也表示同樣的意思，但比較文氣一點，可以放在分句前：

There is fog at Heathrow;therefore the plane has been diverted. 希思羅機場有霧，因此飛機改到別的機場降落。

It rained;therefore the game was called off. 天下雨了，比賽因此取消。

也可插在句子中間：

He's out of the country and therefore unable to attend the meeting. 他在國外，因此不能參加會議。

He had finished the Times, there was therefore nothing to do. 他已看完泰晤士報，因此沒事可干了。

He had gone;she therefore gave the money to me. 他走了，于是她把錢給了我。

4) hence也是副詞，也表示類似意思，多用在說理性文章中，且多用在分句或句子開頭：

My mother is by herself;hence I must go home now. 我媽一個人在家，因此我得回去了。

Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it. 微波爐便宜些了，因此更多的人買得起了。

Hence he was annoyed by many unwelcome attentions. 因此許多不受歡迎的殷勤舉動惹得他不高興。

有時后面只跟一個動詞：

The town was built on the side of a hill, hence the name Hillside. 這座城市建在山腰，因此稱作山腰城。

I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天從自行車上摔下來了，因此身上摔青了。

17.3.4　其他并列連詞

1) 其他并列連詞有下面這些，多連接兩個并列的成分：

either...or：

Either Tim or his brother has to shovel the snow. 要么是蒂姆要么是他弟弟得去鏟雪。

She's either French or Spanish. 她不是法國人就是西班牙人。

I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 我把它不是放在桌上就是放在抽屜里了。

You can either write or phone to order a copy. 你可寄信或打電話去定購一本。

It was either pink, red or orange. 它或是粉紅色、紅色，或是橘紅色。

Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你得改進工作，要么我就辭退你。

neither...nor：

He can neither read nor write. 他既不能讀又不能寫。

They have neither natural gas nor running water. 他們既沒有天然氣又沒有自來水。

He was neither clever nor stupid. 他既不聰明也不笨。

Paul came just at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 保羅來得正是時候，既不太早也不太晚。

Neither your mother nor I have any other thought but what is best for you. 不管是你媽媽還是我，除了一切為你好沒有別的想法。

both...and：

You've given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你給你姑父和我都添了很多麻煩。

Sophia was both glad and sorry to see her. 索菲婭看到她既高興又難過。

I decided to play safe both for own sake and the job's. 為我自己，也為了工作，我決定謹慎行事。

He both speaks and writes Swahili. 他既能說又能寫斯瓦希里語。

as well as：

John can speak Chinese as well as French. 約翰能講漢語及法語。

We shall travel by night as well as by day. 我們將日夜兼程。

The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into the cities. 沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了農(nóng)村，也蔓延到了城市。

It is a political as well as an economic question. 這是一個政治問題，也是一個經(jīng)濟問題。

2) not only...but aslo也連接兩個并列成分：

He not only did the shopping but he also cook the meal. 他不僅買東西，而且還做飯。

The cuts will affect not only this school but also other schools in this area. 削減經(jīng)費不僅影響這所學(xué)校，而且影響區(qū)內(nèi)的其他學(xué)校。

Not only was my mother unhappy, but Marian, too. 不僅我母親很痛苦，瑪麗安也很痛苦。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不光講得更正確，也講得更不費勁了。