第11章　助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 11.1　助動(dòng)詞

11.1　助 動(dòng) 詞

11.1.1　英語中的助動(dòng)詞

英語中常用作助動(dòng)詞的有三組詞：

1) be， am， are， is， was， were， been， being

2) have， has， had， having

3) do， does， did

另外還有shall， will， should， would雖然也是助動(dòng)詞，卻有時(shí)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的作用，可說是介乎助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間的詞，它們的作用和can， may， must有很多相近之處。為了方便，也把它們放在本章中討論。

11.1.2　be的用法

1) be作助動(dòng)詞，主要用來構(gòu)成：

a. 各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：

I'm seeing a friend off. 我在給一位朋友送行。

We're trying to get in touch with her. 我們正在設(shè)法和她取得聯(lián)系。

She's working as an air-hostess. 她在當(dāng)空姐。

He was groping in the dark, so to speak. 他可說還在黑暗中摸索。

What were you doing when I called? 我打電話時(shí)你在干什么？

Come on time. We'll be expecting you. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)來，我們會(huì)等著你。

What have you been doing all these years? 這些年來你一直在干什么？

b. 各種被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

Smoking is not allowed in this building. 本大樓內(nèi)禁止吸煙。

You are requested to give a performance. 請(qǐng)你表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。

I'm being shown round the city. 有人正帶我在城里逛。

He was penalized for a foul. 他因犯規(guī)而受罰。

Hundreds of soldiers were killed or wounded in the battle. 這次戰(zhàn)役傷亡了數(shù)百士兵。

The trip has been cancelled. 這次遠(yuǎn)足取消了。

c. 各種被動(dòng)形式：

He hates being interrupted. 他不愿受人打擾。

She was afraid of being seen by her father. 她怕被她父親看見。

He was there being trained as an astronaut. 他在那里被培訓(xùn)為宇航員。

Such problems have to be handled with care. 這類問題得謹(jǐn)慎處理。

He asked to be sent to work in the northwest. 他請(qǐng)求派他去西北工作。

2) be用作其他類動(dòng)詞：

a. 用作系動(dòng)詞：

He is (was) an atheist. 他是個(gè)無神論者。

Remember your father's directions and be a good girl. 記住你爸爸的話做個(gè)好姑娘。

Be always on your guard. （你）要時(shí)刻保持警惕。

He had (has) been in Beijing for five years. 他在北京待了五年。

She wasn't in when I called. 我打電話時(shí)她不在家。

b. 作不及物動(dòng)詞（表示發(fā)生某事或存在某種情況）：

How long ago was it? "Oh, not many minutes."“這是多久以前的事？”“啊，就幾分鐘前的?！?

The party will be in a week. 晚會(huì)一周后舉行。

When is the wedding to be? 婚禮什么時(shí)候舉行？

When a thing has to be, it had better be quickly. 凡事趕早不趕晚。

What will be, will be. （諺）該發(fā)生的事總要發(fā)生。

I'm sorry, sir, the meeting's already been. 對(duì)不起，先生，會(huì)已經(jīng)開過了。

Could it be that they had no place to go? 是不是他們沒地方可去？

3) be+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：

這種結(jié)構(gòu)可表示：

a. 打算做某事或計(jì)劃好要做的事（意思接近于be going to）：

I am (was) to play Juliet. 我將扮演朱麗葉。

I am to edit a volume of Irish Fairy Tales. 我打算編一本愛爾蘭童話。

The President is to make a statement tomorrow. 總統(tǒng)明天將發(fā)表聲明。

The expedition is (was) to start in a week's time. 考察隊(duì)將于一周后起程。

不定式可用完成形式，表示“本來打算”：

She was to have got married last month. 她本來準(zhǔn)備上月結(jié)婚的。

I was to have seen him yesteday, but he didn't come. 昨天我本來是要見到他的，但他沒來。

The mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night. 市長原本要來主持奠基典禮的，但昨晚病了。

b. 該做某事（接近于should，must，ought to，have to等）：

Suppose he comes here, what am I to tell him? 假如他到這里來，我該對(duì)他講什么？

You are not to smoke in the room. 你不得在這房間里抽煙。

You are not to open the box. 你不能打開這個(gè)箱子。

c. 能做某事（接近于can，may）：

How am I to pay such a debt? 這筆債我怎么還得起？

Not a sound was to be heard. 聽不到一丁點(diǎn)聲音。

We Chinese people are not to be bullied. 我們中國人是不好欺侮的。

d. 將來必然要發(fā)生的事：

The worst is still to come. 更糟糕的事還在后頭。

They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. 他們互相告別，不知道彼此將再也不會(huì)見面了。

This I was only to learn later. 這一點(diǎn)我只是以后才知道。

11.1.3　have的用法

1) have作助動(dòng)詞，主要用來構(gòu)成：

a. 完成時(shí)態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：

I've seen this film before. 我以前看過這部電影。

She's been in Hong Kong for six months. 她在香港待了六個(gè)月。

They had already told me the news. 這消息他們已告訴我了。

She'll have arrived in Shen Zhen by 6 o'clock. 六點(diǎn)時(shí)她將已到達(dá)深圳。

What has she been doing since? 此后她一直在干什么？

Have you been waiting long? 你等好久了嗎？

I was afraid he would have gone to bed by then. 我擔(dān)心那時(shí)他會(huì)已經(jīng)上床睡覺了。

b. 完成形式：

He ought to have arrived by now. 現(xiàn)在他應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到了。

I'm pleased to have made your acquaintance. 認(rèn)識(shí)了你我很高興。

I regretted having been so rude to him. 我懊悔對(duì)他那樣粗魯無禮。

Don't be angry with me for not having written. 沒給你寫信請(qǐng)別生我的氣。

Having lived there for ten years, she was reluctant to leave. 她在那里住了十年，因而不愿意離開。

Not having got an answer, he was rather worried. 由于沒得到回音，他很著急。

2) have作及物動(dòng)詞的用法：

have是一個(gè)非?；钴S的及物動(dòng)詞，可以：

a. 表示所有關(guān)系：

Bad news has wings. （諺）壞消息傳得快。

Mr Green had living with him a nephew and a niece. 格林先生有一個(gè)侄兒和一個(gè)侄女和他住在一起。

The house has five rooms. 這屋子有五個(gè)房間。

I have an impression that he's been improving. 我有感覺他在改進(jìn)。

常有較靈活的譯法：

She has blue eyes. 她的眼睛是藍(lán)顏色。

He has a good temper. 他脾氣很好。

She had a happy childhood. 她童年很幸福。

If his car is not out, he'll let us have it. 如果他的車在家，他會(huì)借給我們的。

b. 和許多名詞連用表示動(dòng)作：

have a long walk 作長時(shí)間散步

have a chat (with) （和…）聊天

have a look at 瞧（某物）

have a drink of water 喝一杯水

have a wash 洗一洗

have a swim 游一會(huì)兒泳

have a rest 休息一會(huì)兒

have a read 看一會(huì)兒書

have a good lie 好好躺一會(huì)兒

have a quarrel (with) （和…）吵一架

have a win in a competition 比賽獲勝

have a smoke 抽一支煙

have an accident 出事

have a fight 打了一架

have a bath 洗個(gè)澡

have a dream 做了一個(gè)夢

have a love (of) 很喜歡（某物）

have respect (for) 很尊敬（某人）

have a wish (to) 愿意（做某事）

have a dislike (of) 不喜歡

have a good laugh 暢笑了一陣子

have a try 試一試

have a fear (of) 害怕（某物）

have a conversation (with) （和…）談話

have a discussion 討論

have a success 很成功

have an X-ray 去透視

have a scene 爭吵

c. 表示“吃”、“喝”、“患（病）”等：

They are having fish for supper. 他們晚飯吃魚。

Then have some coffee. 那么就喝點(diǎn)咖啡。

Will you have a cigarette? 要不要抽根煙？

Everybody here has the influenza. 這里人人都患流感。

She has the measles. 她出麻疹了。

Do you often have colds? 你常常感冒嗎？

Which injection did you have? 你打的什么針？

My sister has just had a child. 我姐姐剛生了孩子。

I never had any education. 我從未上過學(xué)。

3) 構(gòu)成某些句型：

a. have+名（代）詞+（不帶to的）不定式——讓某人做某事：

I'm going to have her live with me. 我準(zhǔn)備讓她和我一起住。

I'll be proud to have you read it. 我將自豪地讓你讀它。

I won't have him cheat me. 我不能讓他欺騙我。

b. have +名（代）詞+過去分詞——讓（別人）做某事或遭遇某事：

She's having her eyes tested. 她在請(qǐng)人驗(yàn)光。

He's having them repaired. 他正請(qǐng)人修理它們。

Pa's had his hands burned. 爸的手給燙了。

The pilot had his plane hijacked. 飛行員的飛機(jī)遭到劫持。

c. have+名（代）詞+現(xiàn)在分詞——讓某人做某事，讓某事發(fā)生：

He tried to have her talking, but no use. 他設(shè)法讓她講話，但沒有用。

She soon had us all laughing. 她很快讓我們都笑了起來。

We can't have that sort of thing happening. 我們不能允許這種事發(fā)生。

d. have (got) to 不得不：

I had to walk very fast to overtake you. 我得走很快才能趕上你。

One of them will have to go. 他們中間得去一個(gè)人。

These last two days I have had to take a rest. 最近這兩天我不得不休息了一下。

We may have to cancel the plan. 我們可能不得不取消這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。

It'll have to be done all over again. 這事將不得不重新做一遍。

I've got to be off now. 我現(xiàn)在得走了。

We've got to be careful about these things. 這些事我們得小心。

e. have got (＝ have)：

She hasn't got a bank account. 她沒有銀行戶頭。

I've got a fellow coming to see me tomorrow. 明天有個(gè)人來看我。

I've got one or two things to see to. 我有一兩件事要辦理。

What's that got to do with you? 那和你有什么關(guān)系？

It was acute pneumonia that she had got. 她患的是急性肺炎。

11.1.4　do的用法

1) do作助動(dòng)詞的用法：

作為助動(dòng)詞，do可以用來：

a. 構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句：

Does he work here? 他在這里工作嗎？

I didn't see him at the meeting. 開會(huì)時(shí)我沒見到他。

He lives here, doesn't he? 他在這里住，對(duì)吧？

I don't care what she thinks. 她怎么想我不在意。

Didn't she sing well? 她唱得真好！

b. 加在動(dòng)詞前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：

I did see her at the party. 晚會(huì)上我的確見過她。

Do come with us. 務(wù)請(qǐng)和我們一塊兒去。

I do hope you'll come to China again. 我真希望你將再次來中國。

Please! Do be quiet a moment! 求求你們！請(qǐng)安靜一會(huì)兒！

She does sing well! 她確實(shí)唱得好！

c. 用來表示剛提到過的動(dòng)作，以避免重復(fù)：

Tom talks too much. ——Yes, he does. 湯姆話太多。 ——是的。

He lives here but I don't. 他住在這里而我不是。

She doesn't drive but I do. 她不會(huì)開車，但我會(huì)。

He didn't see you, did he? 他沒看到你，對(duì)吧？

Do you smoke？——No, I don't. 你抽煙嗎？——不抽。

2) do作及物動(dòng)詞的用法：

作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)主要有下面用法：

a. 和一個(gè)名（代）詞連用，表示“做（某事）”：

What are you doing? 你在干什么？

Has he done his homework? 他作業(yè)做完了嗎？

I'm doing some research on the subject. 我在就這問題做些研究。

I have a number of things to do this morning. 今天早上我有很多事要做。

They want to do business with us. 他們想和我們做生意。

She did her lessons in the afternoon. 她下午做功課了。

可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：

What's to be done? 該怎么辦？

Easier said than done. （諺）說易行難。

b. 和動(dòng)名詞連用：

He does some writing in his spare time. 他有空時(shí)寫些東西。

She did lots of acting when she was at university. 她在大學(xué)時(shí)演過很多戲。

She is doing the ironing (cooking). 她在燙衣服（做飯）。

I did some reading before I went to bed. 睡覺前我看了一會(huì)兒書。

Maria did most of the talking. 大部份時(shí)間都是瑪麗亞在說話。

You should do more thinking. 你應(yīng)作更多的思考。

We can do some sightseeing here. 在這里我們可以觀光游覽。

She's gone out to do some shopping. 她出去買東西了。

c. 和一些表示物件的名詞連用，表示“梳”、“刷”等：

Can you do the rooms now? 你現(xiàn)在能打掃房間嗎？

When is he coming to do the windows? 他什么時(shí)候來擦窗子？

Go and do your hair. 去梳梳頭。

Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了嗎？

We did two concerts last week. 上星期我們聽了兩場音樂會(huì)。

He did 200 miles a day. 他一天開（車）兩百英里。

We did the journey in six hours. 我們跑這一趟花了六小時(shí)。

You should have seen him do Hamlet. 你真該看看他扮演哈姆雷特。

3) do作不及物動(dòng)詞的用法：

a. 表示工作、學(xué)習(xí)等方面的情況：

How do you do? 你好！

He's doing well at school. 他在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)良好。

He did poorly in the examination. 他考得很差。

She is doing nicely. 她過得很好。

The patient is doing well. 病人康復(fù)情況良好。

Everything in the garden is doing well. 花園里的花木長勢都很好。

b. 表示“行”、“夠了”、“合適”、“可以”等：

I've got some muslin here, will it do? 我有一些細(xì)棉紗，能用嗎？

Will ￡5 do? 五英鎊夠嗎？

This place would do for a gymnasium. 這地方可以作體育館。

That jacket won't do for skiing. 這件夾克衫不適合滑雪。

This hotel won't do. 這家旅館不行。

That piece of material would do to make a dress for you. 這塊料子適合給你做件連衣裙。

11.1.5　will的用法

1) 用于將來時(shí)態(tài)（各種人稱后都可以用）：

I will give you a definite answer tomorrow. 明天我將給你個(gè)明確回答。

We will never again be separated. 我們?cè)僖膊粫?huì)被分開。

Will you be taking your leave in South Africa? 你準(zhǔn)備在南非度假嗎？

By this time next year she will have taken her university degree. 明年這時(shí)她將已獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位。

It looks as if he won't be in time for the train. 看來他好像趕不上火車了。

2) 用于疑問句表示請(qǐng)求：

Will you tell her that I'm Mrs Pater? 你可否告訴她我是佩特夫人？

Will you have a little soup? 你要不要喝點(diǎn)湯？

Bring me the papers, will you? 把報(bào)紙拿給我好嗎？

Will you please sit down, everybody? 請(qǐng)大家坐好。

Won't you take off your overcoat? 你要不要把大衣脫掉？

3) 用于各個(gè)人稱，表示：

a. 愿意，肯：

I will have nothing to do with this matter. 我不愿和這事扯上關(guān)系。

I meant to reason with you, but you won't reason. 我是想和你講道理，但你不聽勸。

She won't so much as look at David. 她連看大衛(wèi)一眼都不肯。

Go where you will. 你想去哪里就去哪里。

If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如你允許，我愿意送你回家。

b. 決心，承諾：

I won't have anything said against her. 我絕不讓誰說她的壞話。

I won't give her a divorce. 我不會(huì)同意和她離婚。

I won't let her down in any way. 我絕不會(huì)做任何對(duì)不起她的事。

I won't do it any more, I promise you. 我答應(yīng)你我再也不會(huì)這樣做。

c. 習(xí)慣，傾向：

She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come home. 她常常在那里一坐幾個(gè)小時(shí)等候兒子回家。

Some animals will not mate in captivity. 有些動(dòng)物關(guān)起來就不交配。

These things will happen. 這樣的事總是要發(fā)生的。

Boys will be boys. 男孩終究是男孩。

d. 命令，叮囑：

You will report to the headquarters right today. 你今天就去總部報(bào)到。

You will not go out today:you'll stay in and work. 你今天不準(zhǔn)出去，你得留在家里干活。

You will stay here till you are relieved. 放你走你才能走。

No one will leave the examination room before 12 o'clock. 十二點(diǎn)前誰也不得離開考場。

e. 表示猜測：

The man with the umbrella will be the Prime Minister. 打雨傘的人想必是首相。

I knew his father, Professor Pile—you'll have heard of him. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他父親派爾教授，想必你聽說過他的。

That will be the postman at the door. 門口想必是郵差。

11.1.6　would的用法

1) 作助動(dòng)詞的用法：

a. 用來構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)態(tài)（各人稱后均可以用）：

He knew he would be late. 他知道他要遲到了。

I said I'd be glad to see him. 我說我會(huì)很高興見到他。

I thought she would be looking after you. 我想她會(huì)照顧你的。

I guessed he'd have told you everything. 我猜他會(huì)把一切都告訴你了。

From her trip to Paris, she would return on Monday morning. 巴黎之行后她會(huì)于星期一早上回來。

He asked if I would go in. 他問我是否要進(jìn)去。

b. 用來婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出請(qǐng)求、問題、看法等：

Would you kindly send me his address? 勞駕可否把他的地址寄給我？

Would you help us, please? 勞駕可否幫幫我們？

Let's fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you? 咱們來定個(gè)日子，星期六晚上合適嗎？

How do you think she would feel? 你想她會(huì)有什么感受？

I'm sure he wouldn't mind your going. 我肯定他不會(huì)介意你去。

I think that would be the most convenient time for us. 我想這對(duì)我們是最合適的時(shí)間。

I'd go there with you. 我愿意和你一道去。

2) 用于虛擬語氣：

a. 用于虛擬條件句：

If we were men, we would be doing something now. 如果我們是男人，我們現(xiàn)在會(huì)采取一些行動(dòng)。

He would be delighted if you went to see him. 你要是去看他，他會(huì)很高興的。

I would have done more, if I'd had the time. 如果我有時(shí)間我就會(huì)做得更多些。

If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job. 如果我看到了廣告，我早就申請(qǐng)這份工作了。

They would never have met if she hadn't gone to Emma's party. 要是她沒去參加愛瑪?shù)耐頃?huì)，他們就決不會(huì)相遇的。

b. 用于含蓄條件句：

She'd be stupid not to accept. 她不接受是愚蠢的。

Hurry up! It would be a pity to miss the beginning of the play. 趕快，要是看不到戲的開頭就太遺憾了。

In the old days she would have argued. 要是在過去，她早就爭論上了。

I would have taken a firm stand. （如果是我）我會(huì)采取堅(jiān)定的立場。

Legalizing this drug would have disastrous consequences. 使這種毒品（售賣）合法化會(huì)產(chǎn)生災(zāi)難性的后果。

c. 用于其他情況：

I wish the sun would come out. 但愿太陽會(huì)出來。

She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them. 她把信燒掉，這樣她丈夫就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)看見了。

He wishes (that) she would leave him. 他希望她會(huì)離開他。

She worried for fear that her child would be hurt. 她很擔(dān)心唯恐孩子受到傷害。

3) （用于過去情況）表示“愿意”、“肯”、“會(huì)”等（也可說是will的過去形式）：

She just wouldn't do what I asked her. 她就是不肯答應(yīng)我的要求。

She would not go to the dentist even though she was in considerable pain.盡管牙疼得厲害，她仍不愿意去看牙醫(yī)。

He would never enter this hateful house again. 他再也不想走進(jìn)這間討厭的房子了。

They had to do that whether they would or not. 不管愿不愿意，他們都得這樣做。

She would never permit anything of that sort. 她絕不會(huì)允許出這種事。

可用在虛擬條件句的從句中：

I should be obliged if you wouldn't George me. 如果你能不叫我喬治我會(huì)很感激。

I would be glad if you would give me an account of it. 如果你愿意談?wù)勥@事的經(jīng)過，我會(huì)很高興。

4) 過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或傾向：

When he was young he would often walk in these woods. 他年輕時(shí)常常在這些樹林里散步。

When my parents were away, my grandmother would look after me. 我父母不在家時(shí)，總是我奶奶照顧我。

He'd always be the first to offer to help. 他總是第一個(gè)主動(dòng)幫忙的人。

Now and then a blackbird would call. 畫眉不時(shí)會(huì)鳴叫兩聲。

The wound would not heal. 傷口老不愈合。

My car wouldn't start this morning. 我的車今天早上開不起來了。

5) 表示猜測：

I'd say she's about 40. 我猜她有四十歲左右。

I would imagine the journey will take about an hour. 我猜測這段路程可能需要一個(gè)鐘頭。

The person you mentioned would be her father. 你提到的那個(gè)人想必是她父親。

I thought you would have come back. 我想你可能已回來了。

6) 用在一些結(jié)構(gòu)中：

Where would you like to sit? 你想坐在哪兒？

I'd be only too glad to help. 我很高興幫忙。

I'd hate to leave you. 我真不愿意離開你們。

I'd love a coffee. 我想喝一杯咖啡。

I'd prefer to go by plane. 我愿坐飛機(jī)去。

I'd rather have the blue one. 我愿意要藍(lán)的。

I'd sooner go home. 我寧愿回家去。

11.1.7　shall的用法

1) 作助動(dòng)詞的用法：

a. 主要用于第一人稱，構(gòu)成疑問句以征求對(duì)方意見：

What time shall I come? 我什么時(shí)候來？

Where shall we go for our holiday? 我們到哪里去度假？

Let's look at it again, shall we? 我們?cè)偾魄疲脝幔?

Shall I turn on the light? 要不要我把燈打開？

b. 在英國也可用于肯定句和否定句中（現(xiàn)在用will的人可能更多一些），構(gòu)成將來時(shí)態(tài)：

I shall be very happy to see him again. 我會(huì)很高興再次見到他。

We shan't be arriving until ten o'clock. 我們要到十點(diǎn)鐘才到。

I shall have been working here for ten years by the end of this year. 到今年年底我在這里就已工作十年了。

I shall often be coming to Pisa. 我會(huì)常到比薩來的。

We shall have finished with this tomorrow. 明天這事就會(huì)干完了。

2) 在英國可用在比較文氣的語言中，表示“規(guī)定”、“許諾”、“命令”等：

Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.收卷前考生須留在各自的座位上。（規(guī)定）

In the rules, it says that a player shall be sent off for using bad language. 有明確規(guī)定球員出言不遜應(yīng)罰出場。（規(guī)定）

If you really want a pony, you shall have one. 如果你確實(shí)想要小馬，我就給你一匹。

I shall write to you at the end of the month. 月底我會(huì)給你寫信。（許諾）

She shall not stay under my roof. 她不得留在我家中。（命令）

11.1.8　should的用法

1) 作助動(dòng)詞的用法：

在英國should可用于第一人稱，構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)態(tài)（在口語中用would更多一些）：

I should (would) be most grateful if you could do it for me. 如果你能幫我做這事我會(huì)非常感激。

I said I should be glad to help. 我說我將樂于幫忙。

I never thought I should (would) see you again. 我以為我再見不到你了。

We hoped we should have confidence in each other again. 我們希望我們重新彼此信任。

2) 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞——表示“應(yīng)該（當(dāng)）”（接近于ought to）：

She considered how she should answer. 她考慮應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣作答。

The police should do something about it. 警方對(duì)此應(yīng)想些辦法。

You should try that new restaurant. 你該去試試那家新餐館。

He really shouldn't work so hard. 他的確不應(yīng)當(dāng)工作這樣勞累。

Should I try again? 我是不是該再試一次？

You shouldn't drink and drive. 你不應(yīng)當(dāng)酒后開車。

后面的不定式可用完成等形式：

We should have checked the time before we left. 我們本應(yīng)先核對(duì)一下時(shí)間再動(dòng)身的。

You shouldn't have trusted him so readily. 你不應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣輕易信賴他。

You shouldn't be reading a novel. You should be reading a textbook. 此刻你不應(yīng)當(dāng)在看小說，而應(yīng)當(dāng)在看課本。

You should have been helping Tom. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)在幫助湯姆。

3) 用在某些句子中使口氣顯得更婉轉(zhuǎn)（僅用于第一人稱）：

I should like to phone my lawyer. 我想給我律師打個(gè)電話。

We should be grateful for your help. 我們將很感謝你的幫助。

There are a lot of things I should have liked to ask you. 有好多事我本想問你的。

I should have preferred him to do it in a different way. 我倒是愿意他以別種方式來做此事。

I should be glad to talk to you. 我將高興和你談?wù)劇?

4) 用在某些賓語從句中構(gòu)成謂語（美國常用動(dòng)詞原形）：

She advised that we should keep the gate locked. 她勸我們把大門鎖上。

They agreed the roof should be repaired. 他們同意房頂要維修一下。

He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我出國。

They asked that relief work should be given priority. 他們要求優(yōu)先處理救濟(jì)事務(wù)。

He commanded that the army should advance. 他命令部隊(duì)向前推進(jìn)。

She determined that he should study music. 她決定他學(xué)音樂。

He ordered that the goods should be sent by air. 他命令將貨物空運(yùn)。

They stipulated that the best materials should be used. 他們規(guī)定要使用最好的材料。

The chairman proposed that they should stop the meeting. 主席提議休會(huì)。

I suggested that she should wear a jacket. 我建議她穿一件夾克。

5) 用在某些主語從句中構(gòu)成謂語（美國常用動(dòng)詞原形）：

It is advisable that everyone should have a map. 每人都帶一張地圖是明智的。

It is better that he should hear from you. 他從你這兒知道更好一些。

It is essential that he should be prepared for this. 讓他對(duì)此有準(zhǔn)備至關(guān)重要。

It is only right that she should have a share. 她分得一份是對(duì)的。

It is his suggestion that I should come round to you. 我來找你是他的建議。

It was necessary that he should work hard. 他用功是必要的。

6) 有時(shí)should可用在某些從句甚至主句中，帶有感情色彩（可譯為“竟然”等）：

It's queer that you should be so different from Jane. 你和簡竟然這樣不同真是奇怪。

It does seem silly that I should have to learn this. 我竟然不得不學(xué)這個(gè)確實(shí)顯得很傻。

It strikes me as odd that he should ask you about it. 我感到奇怪他竟向你問及此事。

I find it quite astonishing that he should be so rude to you. 我感到驚訝他對(duì)你竟然如此粗魯無禮。

I can't think why she should have done such a thing. 我不明白她為什么竟然做出這樣的事。

I don't know why you should think I did it. 我不明白你怎么竟然認(rèn)為是我干的。

Why should he have asked you such a question? 他怎么竟然會(huì)問你這樣的問題？

How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道？

7) 用在虛擬條件句中：

a. （在英國）用在主句中的第一人稱后（這時(shí)用would的人較多）：

If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign. 如果要我星期六工作我就辭職。

I should have helped her if she had asked me. 要是她提出來，我本來會(huì)幫她的。

I should not have laughed if I had thought you were serious. 如果我認(rèn)為你是認(rèn)真的，我就不會(huì)笑了。

We shouldn't have succeeded without your help. 要不是你幫忙，我們本不會(huì)成功。

b. 用在條件從句中（主句謂語可用虛擬語氣、祈使語氣或陳述語氣）：

I should be most happy to go with you if I should not be in the way. 如果不妨礙什么，我會(huì)很高興和你們一道去。

I could persuade her to make room for you should it be necessary. 如果有必要，我可以說服她給你騰地方。

If the pain should return, take another of these pills. 萬一還疼，就再吃一片這個(gè)藥。

If you should be passing, do come and see us. 萬一你從這兒過，務(wù)請(qǐng)來看看我們。

Should I be free tomorrow, I will come. 如果明天有空我就來。

I don't think it will happen, but if it should, what shall we do? 我想這事不會(huì)發(fā)生，但萬一發(fā)生，我們?cè)趺崔k？

8) 用在某些由in case， so that， lest等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中：

Here is a shilling in case you should need it. 給你一先令以備需要。

I'll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. 我給你留個(gè)座位以備你改變主意。

She hid it under the pillow so that he should not see it. 她把它藏在枕頭下面以防他看到。

He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him. 他戴了一個(gè)面罩以免有人認(rèn)出他。

He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks. 他很害怕，唯恐在結(jié)冰的巖石上滑倒。

She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident. 她開始著急，擔(dān)心他會(huì)出事。

9) 用來表示猜測：

It's 4:30. They should be in New York by now. 現(xiàn)在是四點(diǎn)半，他們應(yīng)該到達(dá)紐約了。

He should have arrived by now. 他現(xiàn)在想必已經(jīng)到了。

I should imagine it will take about three hours. 我推測這大約需要三個(gè)小時(shí)。

I should say she's over forty. 我猜她有四十多歲了。