第9章　被動語態(tài) 9.1　主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)

9.1　主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)

9.1.1　主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)

主語和謂語有時是主動關(guān)系，即主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，如：

Everybody respects him. 人人都尊敬他。

有時也可以是被動關(guān)系，即主語是動作的承受者，如：

He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。

第一句的謂語為主動語態(tài)，第二句的謂語為被動語態(tài)。就句子來說，前一句是主動結(jié)構(gòu)，后一句為被動結(jié)構(gòu)。這里也可看出被動結(jié)構(gòu)句子中的主語是主動結(jié)構(gòu)句子中的賓語：

這類句子有些有by引導(dǎo)的狀語，如：

The supermarket is run by a young lady. 這家超市是一位年輕的女士經(jīng)營的。

The play was written by Cao Yu. 這個戲是曹禺寫的。

但有些卻沒有，如：

She was born in Hunan Province. 她出生于湖南省。

They were given a warm welcome. 他們受到熱烈的歡迎。

從這些句子中也可以看出，被動詞態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，時態(tài)由be表現(xiàn)出來。

9.1.2　哪些動詞可用于被動語態(tài)

1) 一般說來及物動詞可用于被動語態(tài)，因為及物動詞有賓語，把賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，句子即可改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

Someone broke the window. The window was broken.

Judia painted a picture. The picture was painted by Judia.

We keep the butter in the fridge. The butter is kept in the fridge.

They killed two brids last night. Two brids were killed last night.

2) 不及物動詞若與介詞結(jié)合可構(gòu)成成語動詞，這時就可以有賓語，因而也就可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

We are looking into the case. The case is being looked into.

He operated on her yesterday. She was operated on yesterday.

They discriminated against him. He was discriminated against.

They have broken into his house. His house has been broken into.

3) 由情態(tài)動詞等構(gòu)成的謂語也可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

We can't do it in a day. It can't be done in a day.

You must do it right now. It must be done right now.

We should revise the plan. The plan should be revised.

She has to finish the work tonight. The work has to be finished tonight.

4) 非謂語動詞，由于不是謂語，不能改為被動語態(tài)，但可改為被動形式（Passive Forms）：

主動形式 被動形式

* * *

* * *

She asked to see the manager. She asked to be given a job.

I have nothing to do. There is nothing to be done.

She hated living alone. She hated being treated like that.

I heard someone singing next door. I heard the song sung in Italian.

9.1.3　哪些結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)

除了“主+謂+賓”這種結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)外，還有下面結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)：

1) 主語+謂語+賓語+不定式：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

We told the boy to go to bed. The boy was told to go to bed.

They asked her to sing a song. She was asked to sing a song.

They made him work long hours. He was made to work long hours.

We saw him enter the house. He was seen to enter the house.

2) 主語+謂語+賓語+名詞作補語：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

They made him their leader. He was made their leader.

We called her Big Sister. She was called Big Sister.

We must keep this a secret. This must be kept a secret.

They elected him chairman. He was elected chairman.

3) 主語+謂語+賓語+形容詞等作補語：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

She painted the walls yellow. The walls were painted yellow.

He dyed his hair red. His hair was dyed red.

They set her free. She was set free.

We found them in high spirits. They were found in high spirits.

4) 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（+其他部分）：

主動結(jié)構(gòu) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

* * *

They gave me something to eat. I was given something to eat.

She taught me an English song. I was taught an English song.

He told us some stories. We were told some stories.

They awarded her a special prize. She was awarded a special prize.

5) 主語+謂語+從句：

　　主動結(jié)構(gòu)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　被動結(jié)構(gòu)

* * *

They said that she was a saint.　　　　　　　It was said that she was a saint.

They believe that he has magic power.　　　　It's believed that he has magic power.

They reported that he had resigned.　　　　　It was reported that he had resigned.

They announced that the contest was.　　　　 It was announced that the contest was to be postponed.

　to be postponed