美國(guó)的新式教育體制

所屬教程:輕松英語閱讀

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tingliketang

2023年01月05日

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Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.
19世紀(jì)50年代以前美國(guó)有一些小的學(xué)院，大多數(shù)成立于殖民時(shí)期。

They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.
它們是與教會(huì)掛鉤的小機(jī)構(gòu)，主要目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的道德品行。

Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.
當(dāng)時(shí)在歐洲各地，高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來，用的是一個(gè)古老的名稱--大學(xué)。

In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.
德國(guó)已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種不同類型的大學(xué)。德國(guó)大學(xué)關(guān)心的主要是創(chuàng)造知識(shí)和傳播知識(shí)，而不是道德教育。

Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.
從世紀(jì)中葉到世紀(jì)末，有9000多名美國(guó)青年因不滿國(guó)內(nèi)所受的教育而赴德深造。

Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities.
他們中的一些人回國(guó)后成為一些知名學(xué)府--哈佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長(zhǎng)并且把這些學(xué)府轉(zhuǎn)變成了現(xiàn)代意義的大學(xué)。
The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.
新校長(zhǎng)們斷絕了和教會(huì)的關(guān)系，聘請(qǐng)了新型的教職員，
- Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.
- 聘用教授根據(jù)的是他們?cè)趯W(xué)科方面的知識(shí)，而不是正確的信仰和約束學(xué)生的強(qiáng)硬手段。
- The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.
- 新的原則是大學(xué)既要傳播知識(shí)也要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造知識(shí)。這就需要由學(xué)者型老師組成教工隊(duì)伍。
- Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.
- 靠死記硬背和做練習(xí)來學(xué)習(xí)的方法變?yōu)榈聡?guó)式的講解方法。德國(guó)式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。
- Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.
- 通過研究生性質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)可以獲得表明最高學(xué)術(shù)造詣的古老的德國(guó)學(xué)位--博士學(xué)位。
  - With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
  - 隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學(xué)會(huì)了提問、分析以及開展他們自己的研究。
  - At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.
  - 同時(shí)，新式大學(xué)學(xué)校規(guī)模和課程設(shè)置完全突破了過去那種只有數(shù)學(xué)、經(jīng)典著作、美學(xué)和音樂的狹窄課程表。
  - The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.
  - 哈佛大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)率先推出選課制度，這樣學(xué)生們就能選擇自己的專業(yè)。
  - The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.
  - 主修領(lǐng)域的概念也出現(xiàn)了。新的目標(biāo)是使大學(xué)對(duì)實(shí)際社會(huì)更有用。
  - Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks,
  - 密切關(guān)注著社會(huì)上的實(shí)際需求，新的大學(xué)著意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解決問題的能力。
    - with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.
    - 工程系學(xué)生成為新式教育體制下最典型的學(xué)生。
    - Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.
    - 學(xué)生們還被培訓(xùn)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、建筑師、農(nóng)學(xué)家、社會(huì)工作人員以及教師。