發(fā)音規(guī)則
連讀
一、輔音+元音
一句話中相鄰的兩個(gè)單詞,前一個(gè)單詞以輔音結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)單詞以元音開始,拼讀成“輔音+元音”。
講解:你還記得漢語拼音中有些單詞xi'an(西安)、ku'ai(酷愛)嗎?如果去掉隔音符,就成了xian(先)、kuai(快)了。英文中幾乎所有的句子都是從頭拼到尾,簡單地說:連音就是兩個(gè)單詞相遇能拼讀就拼,不能拼讀就讓過。
例如:Take~it~easy read-aloud ; think-of-it ; a cup-of tea
短語練習(xí)(大聲讀出來喔):
1.far~away It's not far~away from here.
2.in~an~hour I should be there in~an~hour.
3.later~on I'm going to see a movie later~on .
4.put~it~on Here's your sweater. Put~it~on.
5.stand~up Stand~up and stretch for a while.
6.take~care~of I'll always take care~of you .
7.take~it~easy Take~it~easy! Everything is going to be fine.
8.take~off Please fasten your seat belt. we will take~off shortly.
9.there~are There~are forty students in my class.
10、work~out I work~out every day to keep fit.
句子練習(xí):
1.come~on!cheer~up!
2.keep~it~up!
3.never give~up!
4.I mean~it.
5.I've got~a lot~of work to do.
6.May I have~a cup~of milk?
7.What do you think~of~it?
二、元音+元音
一句話中相鄰的兩個(gè)單詞,前一個(gè)單詞以元音結(jié)尾,后一個(gè)單詞以元音開始,則在兩個(gè)元音之間加上一個(gè)輕微的 [j] 或 [w] 的音,拼讀成“元音+ [j] 或 [w] +元音”。
[i:]或[e?]結(jié)尾的元音+[j]+元音
1、see us→see [j] us
Come and see~us again soon.
2、be over→be [j] over
It will be~over soon.
3、be able→be [j] able
Will you be~able to come tomorrow?
4、say it →say [j] it
Could you say~it again please?
5、pay Ann →pay [j] Ann
Please pay~Ann her salary.
以[u:]或 [??] 結(jié)尾的元音+[w]+元音
1、do it→do [w] it
Don't do~it again.
2、go up→go [w] up
Let's go~upstairs and have dinner.
3、show us→show [w] us
Can you show~us something else.
注:元音與元音的連音是一種自然滑過后帶出來的音。當(dāng)你的發(fā)音接近流利時(shí),你會發(fā)現(xiàn)不用刻意去發(fā) [j] 和 [w] 就可以有效果,所以盡管放松地去練習(xí),模仿是第一老師。
三.省略【h】的連讀
在連音規(guī)則中,以“h”開頭的單詞 [h] 音近乎省略。因?yàn)?[h] 發(fā)音很特殊——只是出氣沒有摩擦,所以拼讀時(shí)好像被省略了。
1、Does~he know?
2、What~happened?
3、Please give~him a hand!
What do you do for a living?這句話怎么連讀?
略 讀
英文最明顯的語音規(guī)則除了連讀外,就是略讀了。爆破音和爆破音相鄰,第一個(gè)爆破音只形成阻礙,但不發(fā)生爆破,稱為失爆;爆破音和其他輔音相鄰,該爆破音不完全爆破。英語語音中的失爆和不完全爆破現(xiàn)象,我們簡稱為“略讀”。略讀是英語語音學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),掌握好略讀,也就掌握了地道英語發(fā)音的制勝法寶!
注意:略讀時(shí)并不是把整個(gè)音丟掉,而是發(fā)音時(shí)點(diǎn)到為止,有口型不發(fā)音或輕微發(fā)音。
重要學(xué)術(shù)名詞--爆破音:[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
1) 爆破音+爆破音=失去爆破
Tips:
六個(gè)爆破音中任意兩個(gè)相遇,一個(gè)爆破音后緊跟著另一個(gè)爆破音時(shí),前面一個(gè)音點(diǎn)到為止,形成阻礙,但不發(fā)生爆破;第二個(gè)音完全爆破;若第二個(gè)爆破音在詞尾,則必須輕化。
以一個(gè)爆破音結(jié)尾并以同一個(gè)爆破音開始時(shí),只發(fā)一次音,前一個(gè)音只做好發(fā)音準(zhǔn)備而不發(fā)音,直接發(fā)第二個(gè)音。
單詞內(nèi)失爆
1.active=a(c)tive [k]+[t]
Students are encouraged to be active in class.
2.blackboard=blac(k)board [k]+[b]
Our class has a large blackboard.
3.dictation=di(k)tation [k]+[t]
We'll have dictation today.
4.football=foo(t)ball [t]+[b]
There is going to be a football match tonight. Shall we watch it together?
5.goodbye=goo(d)bye [d]+[b]
She waved me goodbye.
句子內(nèi)失爆
以上列舉的失爆和不完全爆破現(xiàn)象,都發(fā)生在單詞內(nèi),實(shí)際上,在一個(gè)句子或者詞組中,相鄰的兩個(gè)單詞出現(xiàn)失爆和不完全爆破現(xiàn)象的幾率要大于出現(xiàn)在單詞內(nèi)。
1.Stop talking!=Sto(p)-talking!
2.I don't care.=I don'(t) -care.
3.I had a bad cold.=I had a ba(d)-cold.
2) 爆破音[t]和[d]+鼻輔音[m]和[n]
爆破音[t]和[d]后面緊跟鼻輔音[m]和[n],[t]和[d]形成阻礙,在詞末必須通過鼻腔爆破;發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖緊貼上齒齦,稍放開立刻貼回,從爆破音到鼻音舌位不變,讓氣流通過鼻腔沖出,在詞中則不完全爆破。
[t]和[d]+[m]和[n]在詞末
1. Britain [tn]
Britain is made up of England, Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.
2、certain [tn]
They are certain to agree.
3、frighten [tn]
The high prices frighten off many customers.
[t]和[d]+[m]和[n]在詞中
1、admire=a(d)mire [d]=[m]
I really admire your enthusiasm.
2、admit=a(d)mit [d]+[m]
She admits to being strict with her children.
3、goodness=goo(d)ness [d]+[n]
Thank goodness!
[t]和[d]+[m]和[n]在句中
1、Good morning!=Goo(d)-morning!
2、Let me take a look.=Le(t)-me take a look.
3、I don't know what to say.=I don'(t)-know what to say.
3) 爆破音[t]和[d]+舌邊音[l]
爆破音[t]和[d]后面緊跟舌邊音[l],則必須由舌兩邊爆破,這種情況多發(fā)生在詞尾。爆破音爆破音[t]和[d]后面緊跟清晰舌邊[l],則為不完全爆破。
[t]和[d]+[l]在詞末
1.battle [t]+[l]
Any soldiers were killed in the battle.
2.gentle [t]+[l]
His soap is very gentle on the hands.
3.little [t]+[l]
I'm a little tired.
4.settle [t]+[l]
The company has agreed to settle out of court.
5.title [t]+[l]
Give your name and title。
[t]和[d]+[l]在詞中
1.heartless=hear(t)less [t]+[l]
The decision does seem a little heartless.
2.lately=la(te)ly [t]+[l]
Have you seen him lately?
3.badly=ba(d)ly [d]+[l]
Things have been going badly.
4.needless=nee(d)less [d]+[l]
Banning somking would save needless deaths.
[t]和[d]+[l]在句中
1.Good luck!=Goo(d)-luck!
2.I would like to have one.=I woul(d) like to have one.
3.At last, we made it to his party.=A(t) last, we made it to his party.
4) 爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音=失去爆破
當(dāng)爆破音后緊跟著摩擦音和破擦音時(shí),該爆破音形成阻礙,但不完全爆破。
摩擦音:[f][v][θ][ ð][s][ z][ ?][ ? ][h][r]
破擦音:[ts]-[dz],[tr]-[dr],[t?]-[d?]
單詞內(nèi)失爆
1.advance=a(d)vance [d]+[v]
We live in an age of rapid technologcical advance.
2.bookshop=boo(k)shop [k]+[ ?]
The bookshop opens at 7 o'clock in the morning.
3.helpful=hel(p)ful [p]+[f]
A: Sorry, I can't be more helpful.
B: Thank you. You're been very helpful.
4.lecture=le(c)ture [k]+[t?]
Mr Li is giving a lecture to first-year students.
5.object=o(b)ject [b]+[d?]
The object is to educate people about road safety.
句子內(nèi)失爆
1.You look fantastic.=You loo(k)-fantastic.
2.I'll get there by ten.=I'll ge(t) there by ten.
3.Let's have a good chat.=Let's have a goo(d)-chat.
4.I haven't read the book.=I haven'(t)-read the book.
5.Wish you a great success!=Wish you a grea(t)-success!
6.Put the book on the desk.=Pu(t)-the book on the desk.
7.She is one of my old friends.=She is one of my ol(d)-friends.
8.I'd like a room with a good view.=I'd like a room with a goo(d) view.
9.I am quite sure that you will win.=I am qui(te) sure that you will win.
10.Don't judge people only by appearance.=Don'(t) judge people only by appearance.
斷 句
當(dāng)句子較長時(shí),人們會覺得很難一口氣把話說完。這時(shí),可以按語義和語法的關(guān)系把句子分為若干段,每一段就是一個(gè)意群。換句話說,意群就是可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)相對獨(dú)立意思的一段,是組成句子的部件。
意群和意群之間可以有一定的停頓,這種停頓和人們的思維活動是一致的。但一個(gè)意群中的各個(gè)單詞之間則不可停頓,整個(gè)意群讀下來就像一個(gè)長單詞一樣。記?。河⒄Z不是一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞地說的。
例1:Repeating after tapes is very inportant for beginners.
意群:Repeating after tapes | is very inportant | for beginners.
跟讀錄音帶對于初學(xué)者來說,是非常重要的。
例2:Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy, and wise.
意群:Early to bed | and early to rise | makes a man | healthy, happy, and wise.
睡得早,起得早,健康、快樂、頭腦好。
例3:Liu Xiang, who's a brilliant runner,represented China at Olympic Games.
意群:Liu Xiang, | who's a brilliant runner, | represented China | at Olympic Games.
優(yōu)秀的跑步運(yùn)動員劉翔代表中國參加了奧運(yùn)會。
例4:But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense.
意群:But | the most important argument | for a broad education | is that | in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, | we improve our moral sense.
但普及教育最重要的原因在于通過學(xué)習(xí)前任所凝結(jié)的智慧結(jié)晶,使我們的是非道德觀得以改善。
意群之間的停頓,根據(jù)說話人的情況而定,并非一定要停頓不可。但如有停頓,則必須在意群之間,隨意亂停就破壞了語言的節(jié)奏。
句子的重音
英語中有一則有關(guān)句子重音的笑話:有一個(gè)人去郵局買了一張郵票,準(zhǔn)備發(fā)信,他問:“Must I stick it on myself?”由于on 不該重讀而重讀了,原意“我自己貼(在信封)上嗎?”卻成了“我得把郵票貼自己身上嗎?”結(jié)果出了洋相??梢?,正確處理句子重讀絕對不可忽視。
句子重讀的一般規(guī)則
在連貫的話語中,不可能所有的詞都同樣重要,必須有些詞較為關(guān)鍵,有些詞則相對次要一些。一般來說,關(guān)鍵詞需要重讀,這就是句子的重音,而其他詞則不必重讀?;蛘呖梢哉f成:實(shí)詞重讀,虛詞不重讀。
一般需要重讀的詞(實(shí)詞/關(guān)鍵詞):
實(shí)義動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、疑問詞和感嘆詞等。
一般需要重讀的詞(虛詞/非關(guān)鍵詞):
助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞等。
另外,人稱代詞、連詞、介詞和助動詞等一般不重讀,但在特定情景中,也需要重讀。如人稱代詞做并列主語或賓語時(shí)需重讀,句首的介詞也需要重讀,做主語或賓語的指示代詞也需要重讀。
在聽力考試中,句子重音可以幫助考生找到關(guān)鍵詞,并把握住主要意思,正確理解所聽的內(nèi)容。一般情況下,在不需要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)或?qū)Ρ饶承﹥?nèi)容時(shí),句子的重音通常落在最后一個(gè)出現(xiàn)的實(shí)詞上,例如:
例如:The course was more difficult than she had expected, but she got a lot out of it.譯文:這個(gè)課程比她想象中的難多了,但她還是從中學(xué)會了很多東西。
這個(gè)句子中,只要聽到重讀的詞或詞組就不難正確理解句意。
(1)courage, more difficult, expected;
(2)got , lot , out.
句子的邏輯重音
句子的重音總是要表現(xiàn)說話人的思想和他所表達(dá)意思的重點(diǎn),有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),句子中幾乎任何詞都可以有句子重音,包括一些通常沒有句子重音的詞,這種依說話者意圖重讀的音就是邏輯重音。
例如:
Did you tell my wife?
強(qiáng)調(diào)“wife”,你要告訴我妻子嗎?
強(qiáng)調(diào)“my”,你要告訴我的妻子嗎?
強(qiáng)調(diào)“you”,你要告訴我的妻子嗎?
五、語調(diào)
語調(diào)是幫助我們表達(dá)各種思想感情的重要途徑,英語語調(diào)的基本類型有降調(diào)、升調(diào)和平調(diào)。
降調(diào)表示說話人的態(tài)度肯定、意思完整、語法結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立;升調(diào)表示說話人的態(tài)度不肯定、意思不完整、語法結(jié)構(gòu)不獨(dú)立;平調(diào)一般用于直接引語后面,表述所說的話,音高沒有高低的變化。在意義比較復(fù)雜的句子或意群中,往往結(jié)合了三種基本語調(diào),構(gòu)成升降調(diào)或者降升調(diào),而使語調(diào)變得復(fù)雜。
美國英語比英國英語更平民化,它的語調(diào)也更趨于自然,較少故意的抑揚(yáng)頓挫;英國英語語調(diào)則起伏較大。不同的語調(diào)可以表示說話人不同的態(tài)度和不同的隱含意思。英語中同一句話采用不同的語調(diào)會產(chǎn)生截然不同的語意概念。
例如:“yes”,若用降調(diào),表示說話人對所回答的問題十分確定;若用升調(diào),表示對問題有疑問。語調(diào)具有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩,它使語言更富有表現(xiàn)力。
1) 降調(diào)
1. 用于陳述句:
例如:I have already seen that movie. ↘
譯文:這部電影我已經(jīng)看過了。
2. 用于特殊疑問句:
例如:What has happened to him?↘
譯文:他出什么事兒了?
注意:特殊疑問句有時(shí)候用升調(diào)表示請別人重復(fù)剛才他說過的話。
例如:
A: I graduated from Lanzhou University and majored in mechanical engineering.↘
譯文:我畢業(yè)于蘭州大學(xué)工程力學(xué)專業(yè)。
B:What was your major?↗
譯文:你說你的專業(yè)是什么?
3. 用于祈使句:
例如:Go back to your seat! Now!↘
譯文:回到你的座位上去!馬上!
4. 用于感嘆句:
例如:What a small world!↘
譯文:這世界竟是如此之??!
5. 用在選擇疑問句中“or”之后的部分:
例如:Do you want to drive↗ or walk?↘
譯文:你想開車還是想步行?
2) 升調(diào)
1. 用于一般疑問句:
例如:Do you mind if I sit here?↗
譯文:你介意我坐在這里嗎?
注意:一般疑問句有時(shí)候也用降調(diào),表示一種不耐煩或者命令的語氣。
例如:Are you satisfied?↘
譯文:這下你該滿意了吧。
2. 用于羅列事物時(shí):
例如:For each incomplete sentence, there are four choices maked A↗, B↗, C↗, and D↘.
譯文:對于每一個(gè)不完整的句子,都會給出四個(gè)答案,分別為A、B、C和D.
3. 用于陳述句,表示譯文、懷疑、未定、猜測或期待等。
例如:You really want to do it?↗
譯文:你真要做這件事嗎?
4. 用于置于句首的狀語短語和狀語從句:
例如:After dinner↗, I read a magazine and made telephone calls.
譯文:晚飯后,我看了一本雜志,還打了幾個(gè)電話。
5. 用于并列句的第一個(gè)分詞,表示句子還未說完:
例如:My fever is gone↗, but I still habe a cough.
譯文:我的燒退了,但還在咳嗽。
6. 用于委婉祈使句:
例如:Excuse me, sir↗. Can you help me↗?
譯文:先生,打擾一下,您能幫我一下嗎?
7. 用于稱呼語:
例如:Mrs. Smith↗, this is Tom Jones↘.
譯文:史密斯夫人,這是湯姆·瓊斯。
3) 平調(diào)
用于直接引語后,表示所說的話的具體內(nèi)容。
例如:"We are going to Florida," She said brightly.
譯文:她興高采烈地說:“我們要到佛羅里達(dá)去。”