第一張黑洞圖片背后的團(tuán)隊(duì)，剛剛獲得了300萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金

第一張黑洞圖片背后的團(tuán)隊(duì)，剛剛獲得了300萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金

The heart of every major galaxy is thought to contain a supermassive black hole – a place where gravity is so strong that anything, including light, gets devoured.

我們都知道，每個(gè)主要星系的中心包含著一個(gè)超大質(zhì)量黑洞——一個(gè)引力非常強(qiáng)大的地方，包括光在內(nèi)的任何東西都會(huì)被吞噬。

Like all black holes, supermassive ones form when stars collapse in on themselves at the end of their life cycles. On average, they're millions of timesmore massive than the Sun.

和所有黑洞一樣，超大質(zhì)量黑洞是恒星在生命周期結(jié)束時(shí)自我坍塌而形成的。平均來(lái)說(shuō)，它們的質(zhì)量是太陽(yáng)的數(shù)百萬(wàn)倍。

For years, scientists have struggled to capture a black hole on camera, since the absence of light renders them nearly impossible to see.

多年來(lái)，科學(xué)家們一直在努力用相機(jī)捕捉黑洞，因?yàn)闆](méi)有光線，黑洞幾乎看不見(jiàn)。

But on April 10, a group of scientists from the international Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration released the first-ever photograph of a supermassive black hole to the public. Though the image was fuzzy, it signified a major milestone for space research.

但在4月10日，國(guó)際事件地平線望遠(yuǎn)鏡合作組織的一組科學(xué)家，向公眾公布了有史以來(lái)第一張超大質(zhì)量黑洞的照片。雖然這幅圖像很模糊，但它標(biāo)志著太空研究的一個(gè)重要里程碑。

The accomplishment has now earned the team a 2020 Breakthrough Prize, which was awarded on September 5. The prize was started eight years ago by a team of investors including Sergey Brin and Mark Zuckerberg, and is often referred to as the "Oscars of Science".

這一成就現(xiàn)在為該隊(duì)贏得了9月5日頒發(fā)的2020年突破獎(jiǎng)。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)是由一個(gè)包括謝爾蓋·布林和馬克·扎克伯格在內(nèi)的投資者團(tuán)隊(duì)八年前創(chuàng)立的，被稱為“科學(xué)界的奧斯卡”。

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (EHT) team will collectively receive US$3 million, but the money will be divided equally among the group's 347 scientists, giving each person around US$8,600.

活動(dòng)地平線望遠(yuǎn)鏡合作(eht)小組將總共獲得300萬(wàn)美元，但這筆錢(qián)將平均分配給該小組的347名科學(xué)家，每人約8600美元。

獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)掌?Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration)

What the black hole photograph shows

這張黑洞照片顯示了什么

The April image captured a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Messier 87 galaxy, which is about 54 million light-years away from Earth. The black hole in the photo likely had a mass equivalent to 6.5 billion Suns.

這張四月的照片，拍攝到了梅西埃87星系中心的一個(gè)超大質(zhì)量黑洞，距離地球約5400萬(wàn)光年。照片中的黑洞質(zhì)量可能相當(dāng)于65億個(gè)太陽(yáng)。

Black holes are defined by a border called the event horizon: a region of space so dense with matter that not even light can escape its gravity. This creates a circular 'shadow', where all light and matter is gobbled up.

黑洞是由一個(gè)叫做視界的邊界來(lái)定義的:這個(gè)空間區(qū)域的物質(zhì)密度如此之大，以至于光都無(wú)法逃脫它的引力。這就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)圓形的“陰影”，所有的光和物質(zhì)都被吞噬。

Outside the event horizon, supermassive black holes have an accretion disk – clouds of hot gas and dust trapped in orbit. Though scientists can't see beyond a black hole's event horizon, they can detect the gas and dust in that disk, since the material gives off radio waves that can be captured by a high-powered telescope.

在事件視界之外，超大質(zhì)量黑洞有一個(gè)吸積盤(pán)——由熱氣體和塵埃組成的云被困在軌道上。盡管科學(xué)家們無(wú)法從黑洞的視界之外看到，但他們可以探測(cè)到圓盤(pán)中的氣體和塵埃，因?yàn)檫@些物質(zhì)會(huì)發(fā)出無(wú)線電波，可以被高功率望遠(yuǎn)鏡捕捉到。

This is what EHT scientists captured in their groundbreaking image.

這是EHT的科學(xué)家們?cè)谒麄冮_(kāi)創(chuàng)性的圖像中捕捉到的。

"As a cloud of gas gets closer to the black hole, they speed up and heat up," Josephine Peters, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford, told Business Insider in October.

牛津大學(xué)天體物理學(xué)家約瑟芬·彼得斯(Josephine Peters)今年10月對(duì)《商業(yè)內(nèi)幕》(Business Insider)表示：“隨著一團(tuán)氣體離黑洞越來(lái)越近，它們會(huì)加速并升溫。”

"It glows brighter the faster and hotter it gets. Eventually, the gas cloud gets close enough that the pull of the black hole stretches it into a thin arc."

“它發(fā)出的光越快越亮，溫度越高。最終，氣體云靠得足夠近，黑洞的引力把它拉伸成一個(gè)細(xì)細(xì)的弧形。”

黑洞的主要特征。(ESO/ESA/Hubble/M. Kornmesser/Business Insider)

To capture the image, researchers relied on 8 telescopes

為了拍攝這幅圖像，研究人員依靠8架望遠(yuǎn)鏡

The EHT scientists are stationed all over the world, at 60 institutions across 20 countries.

EHT科學(xué)家分布在世界各地，在20個(gè)國(guó)家的60個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)。

To capture the photograph, they relied on eight radio telescopes, operating in Antarctica, Chile, Mexico, Hawaii, Arizona, and Spain. They used a network of atomic clocks – extremely precise time-keeping devices that can measure billionths of a second – to sync up the telescopes around the world.

為了拍攝這張照片，他們使用了8臺(tái)射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡，分別在南極洲、智利、墨西哥、夏威夷、亞利桑那和西班牙運(yùn)行。他們使用了一個(gè)原子鐘網(wǎng)絡(luò)——可以測(cè)量十億分之一秒的極其精確的計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)備——來(lái)同步世界各地的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。

The EHT project began collecting information about black holes in 2006.

EHT項(xiàng)目從2006年開(kāi)始收集有關(guān)黑洞的信息。

The image released in April was the result of observations that started two years prior.

今年4月公布的這張照片是兩年前開(kāi)始的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。

(Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration)

"It feels like looking at the gates of hell, at the end of space and time," Heino Falcke, an Event Horizon Telescope collaborator, said when the photo was published in April.

“感覺(jué)就像是在看地獄之門(mén)，在空間和時(shí)間的盡頭。”事件地平線望遠(yuǎn)鏡合作者海諾·法爾克(Heino Falcke)在4月份發(fā)表這張照片時(shí)說(shuō)。

This article was originally published by Business Insider.

本文最初由Business Insider發(fā)表。