I. 英漢翻譯原理第一講: 什么是翻譯?
【例1】 The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.
(“×”號表示譯文有問題,下同)
×樹的歷史開始于森林中,直到生產為木板后被使用為止,成為一個有趣且有許多事例的激動人心的故事。
上面這句話的原文實際上主要說了兩點內容:
1、樹的歷史的起迄時間
2、樹的歷史是怎樣一回事
【譯文】 一棵樹,從它在森林中生長起直到被制成木板使用為止,這段歷史會構成一個饒有趣味的故事,在很多情況下這個故事十分激動人心。
【例2】 There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.
×有兩個調節(jié)系統(tǒng)相互作用。一個定時系統(tǒng)來自于我們的感官和胃的證明,就是當我們生活在一個特定的時區(qū)所經歷的周期性。
【譯文】 人體有兩個相互作用的時間調節(jié)系統(tǒng)。一個時間調節(jié)系統(tǒng)依據感官和胃發(fā)出的信息,依據我們生活在某個時區(qū)所體驗的周期性規(guī)律。
尋找對等詞語和結構然后將其串接成句的翻譯方法,常表現(xiàn)如下:
1、簡單語句的譯文雖然生硬,但基本可讀。如:
【例3】 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
【錯誤】我能看到音樂史上有三種不同的作曲家,他們中每一個人以某種不同的方式創(chuàng)作音樂。
【譯文】 我發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂史上有三類作曲家,他們各自的音樂創(chuàng)作方式有所不同。
2、較復雜語句的譯文似通非通,甚至不知所云。如:
【例4】 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.
【錯誤】傳統(tǒng)主義型作曲家始于某種格調而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作行為不太像對固定格調進行個性化處理的主題概念。
【譯文】 傳統(tǒng)型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進行創(chuàng)作的。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作不是主題的構思,而是對固定形式的個性化處理。
3、典型的英語表達形式在漢語無法找到對等形式,翻譯無從著手。如:
【例5】 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come -- with the people who respect you for who you are.
【譯文】 發(fā)現(xiàn)自我,如實地表現(xiàn)自我,你自然會為人們所喜歡--為那些尊重你的真正個性的人們所喜歡。
【例6】 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years?
【譯文】 你預計今后五年上海的發(fā)展目標如何?
翻譯不是一種語言中的詞語和語句結構到另一種語言的詞語和語句結構的簡單轉換,也不是在另一種語言中尋找與一種語言中對等的詞語和語句結構然后將其串接成句的過程。在英漢翻譯中,如果把眼光盯著原文的詞語和語句結構這些屬于語言層次的東西,結果翻譯出來的只是一種文字層次的轉換,徒具其形,原文的內容和意義不可能得到很好的表達。
翻譯究竟是什么呢?
翻譯的過程就好比交通工具的換乘過程,兩者之間有諸多相似之處。
交通工具換乘過程:
內容 (人員)
載體(運輸工具1) 內容(人員)
載體(運輸工具2)
翻譯過程:
內容 (信息)
載體(源語) 內容(信息)
載體(譯語)
比較兩者,其共同點有:
(1) 兩者帶有相似的目的:
兩種轉換過程都是為了實現(xiàn)內容通過載體的變換從一端到另一端的傳遞。
(2) 兩者含有相似的基本要素:
第一要素內容,在交通工具換乘過程中是人員,而在翻譯過程中則是信息。
第二要素載體,在交通工具換乘過程中是車輛、船舶、飛機等,轉換前是一種運輸工具,轉換后改為另一種運輸工具;而在翻譯過程中則是語言,轉換前是源語(source language),轉換后是譯語(target language)。
(3) 兩者具有相似的操作要求:
第一,兩者都要求內容不變。
第二,兩者都要求過程順暢
德國譯學教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation:Problems & Methods一書中說:
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.(翻譯不只是在另一種語言中尋找意義相似的其他詞語,而是尋找表達事物的適當方式。翻譯始終立足于語義,也就是說,是語義從源語到譯語的轉換,而不是形式。)
這說明了翻譯是語義的翻譯,不是語言形式的翻譯,是運用另一種語言的適當方式來表達一種語言所表達的內容,而不是在另一種語言中尋找與一種語言中含義相似的某些詞語或結構。翻譯必須跳出原文語言層面的束縛,必須著眼于傳達原文的內容和意義。
換句話說,翻譯的基本單位應該是語篇,而不是詞語結構。根據系統(tǒng)功能語言學家的觀點,語言的實際使用單位是語篇這樣的言語單位,而不是詞語結構這樣的語法單位。實際使用的語篇有可能是一個句子、一個句段、一個句群,也有可能是一個詞語。翻譯作為語言交際的一種形式,其實質是用一種語言的語篇材料代替另一種語言與其意義對等的語篇材料。翻譯是運用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的內容和意義準確而完整地重新表達出來的語言活動。
II. 課堂練習(分別用詞語和形式對應譯法和語義表達譯法試譯下列句子,并比較翻譯中的感覺和譯文的效果):
1. It's more a poem than a picture.
2. He drank himself out of the best lines.
3. He pretends to be as modest as anything.
4. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.
5. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.
6. Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg.
7. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret.
8. The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
III. 課堂練習參考譯文:
1. 與其說那是一幅畫,不如說那是一首詩。
2. 他借酒寫得好詩句。
3. 他裝得極為謙虛。
4. 火是無孔不入的,可是它更愛竄入通風的地方。
5. 循聲而去,便輕而易舉地找到了那間屋子。
6. 我陪著小心,用溫和的口吻詢問開往哈蒂斯堡下一斑車的情況。
7. 在社交場合,你就是感到情緒壓抑,也不要表露出來。
8. 患有流感的幼兒和老人可能并發(fā)細菌性肺炎。
IV. 課外練習(分別用詞語和形式對應譯法和語義表達譯法試譯下列句子,并比較翻譯中的感覺和譯文的效果):
1. He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.。
2. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.。
3. While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don't exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.
4. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is bad, it can not last too long; if good you can not get rid of it too early.
5. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check -- a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds".
6. A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.
7. To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.
8. Because of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to their own resources -- both emotional and financial -- to care for an infirm or recovering relative at home.
9. During the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners. the talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to education.
10. The new architectural styles have become powerful image makers overseas. Two stunning arrivals now gracing Hong Kong's crowded skyline -- the privately-owned Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building and Bank of China's headquarters -- stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ideologies that define the city.