世界上最偉大的名人演講 Engels's speech on Karl Marx's funeral 恩格斯:在馬克思墓前的講話

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"On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever.

"An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.

"Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth ofideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic developmentattained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.

"But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.

"Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated —— and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially —— in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries.

"Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.

"For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of itsemancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorw?rts! (1844), Br?sseler Deutsche Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), the New York Tribune (1852-61), and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets, work in organisations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all, the formation of the great International Working Men's Association —— this was indeed an achievement of which itsfounder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else.

"And, consequently, Marx was the best-hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heapingslanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow-workers —— from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America —— and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.

"His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!"

原文欣賞

3月14日下午兩點(diǎn)三刻，當(dāng)代最偉大的思想家停止思想了。讓他一個(gè)人留在房里不過(guò)兩分鐘，當(dāng)我們進(jìn)去的時(shí)候，便發(fā)現(xiàn)他在安樂(lè)椅上安靜地睡著了---但已經(jīng)是永遠(yuǎn)地睡著了。

這個(gè)人的逝世，對(duì)于歐美戰(zhàn)斗的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)，對(duì)于歷史科學(xué)，都是不可估量的損失。這位巨人逝世以后所形成的空白，不久就會(huì)使人感覺(jué)到。

正像達(dá)爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)界的發(fā)展規(guī)律一樣，馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類歷史的發(fā)展規(guī)律，即歷來(lái)為紛繁蕪雜的意識(shí)形態(tài)所掩蓋著的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單事實(shí)：人們首先必須吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能從事政治、科學(xué)、藝術(shù)、宗教等等。所以，直接的物質(zhì)的生活資料的生產(chǎn)，從而一個(gè)民族或一個(gè)時(shí)代的一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段，便構(gòu)成基礎(chǔ)，人們的國(guó)家設(shè)施、法的觀點(diǎn)、藝術(shù)以至宗教觀念，就是從這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的。因而，也必須由這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)來(lái)解釋，而不是像過(guò)去那樣做得相反。

不僅如此。馬克思還發(fā)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代資本主義生產(chǎn)方式和它所產(chǎn)生的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)的特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律。由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里就豁然開(kāi)朗了，而先前無(wú)論資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家或社會(huì)主義批評(píng)家所做的一切都只是在黑暗中摸索。

一生中能有這樣兩個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)，該是很夠了，即使只要能作出一個(gè)這樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也已經(jīng)是幸福的了。但是馬克思在他所研究的每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，甚至在數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，都有獨(dú)到的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這樣的領(lǐng)域是很多的，而且其中任何一個(gè)領(lǐng)域他都不是淺嘗輒止。

他作為科學(xué)家就是這樣。但是這在他身上遠(yuǎn)不是主要的。在馬克思看來(lái)，科學(xué)是一種在歷史上起推動(dòng)作用的、革命的力量。任何一門理論科學(xué)中的每一個(gè)新發(fā)現(xiàn)——它的實(shí)際應(yīng)用也許還根本無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)——都使馬克思感到衷心喜悅，而當(dāng)他看到那種對(duì)工業(yè)、對(duì)一般歷史發(fā)展產(chǎn)生革命影響的發(fā)現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，他的喜悅就非同尋常了。例如，他曾經(jīng)密切地注視馬賽爾·德普勒的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

因?yàn)轳R克思首先是一個(gè)革命家。他畢生的真正使命,就是以這種或那種方式參加推翻資本主義社會(huì)及其所建立的國(guó)家設(shè)施的事業(yè)，參加現(xiàn)代無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的解放事業(yè)，正是他第一次使現(xiàn)代無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)意識(shí)到自身的地位和需要,意識(shí)到自身解放的條件。斗爭(zhēng)是他的生命要素。很少有人像他那樣滿腔熱情、堅(jiān)韌不拔和卓有成效地進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)。最早的《萊因報(bào)》(1842年)，巴黎的《前進(jìn)報(bào)》(1844年)，《德意志-布魯塞爾報(bào)》(1847年)，《新萊茵報(bào)》(1848-1849年)，《紐約每日論壇報(bào)》(1852-1861年)，以及許多富有戰(zhàn)斗性的小冊(cè)子，在巴黎、布魯塞爾和倫敦各組織中的工作，最后，作為全部活動(dòng)的頂峰，創(chuàng)立偉大的國(guó)際工人協(xié)會(huì)——老實(shí)說(shuō)，協(xié)會(huì)的這位創(chuàng)始人即使別的什么也沒(méi)有做，單憑這一結(jié)果也可以自豪。

正因?yàn)檫@樣，所以馬克思是當(dāng)代最遭嫉恨和最受誣蔑的人。各國(guó)政府——無(wú)論專制政府或共和政府，都驅(qū)逐他;資產(chǎn)者——無(wú)論保守派或極端民主派---都競(jìng)相誹謗他，詛咒他。他對(duì)這一切毫不在意，把它們當(dāng)作蛛絲一樣輕輕拂去，只是在萬(wàn)不得已時(shí)才給以回敬?，F(xiàn)在他逝世了，在整個(gè)歐洲和美洲，從西伯利亞礦井到加利福尼亞，千百萬(wàn)革命戰(zhàn)友無(wú)不對(duì)他表示尊敬、愛(ài)戴和悼念。而我可以大膽地說(shuō):他可能有過(guò)許多敵人，但未必有一個(gè)私敵。

他的英名和事業(yè)將永垂不朽!

恩格斯寫于1883年