一、替代表泛指的單數(shù)名詞
替代表泛指的單數(shù)名詞,通常用one。如:
Two heads are better than one. 兩人智慧勝一人。
I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的舊相機丟了,這是一架新的。
Did you get a ticket?—Yes, I managed to get one. 你搞到票了嗎?——是的,我設法搞到了一張。
注:若one前沒有形容詞的修飾,則其前不能有不定冠詞。比較:
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like a small one with a garden. 我正在找一套公寓,想找一套小的帶花園的。
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like one with a garden. 我正在找一套公寓,想找一套帶花園的。(不能說:... a one with a garden.)
沒有形容詞修飾one前不能用不定冠詞,但可用another。如:
This pen doesn’t work. I must buy another one. 這支鋼筆壞了,我要另買一支了。
另外,注意它與表特指的it的區(qū)別。如:
Can you lend me a pen?—Sorry. I haven’t got one. 你能借給我一支鋼筆嗎?——對不起,我沒有鋼筆。
Can I borrow your pen?—Sorry, I’m using it. 我能借你的鋼筆嗎?——對不起,我自己正在用。
二、替代表特指的單數(shù)名詞
替代表特指的單數(shù)名詞,可用it, that, the one。三者的區(qū)別是:
1. 替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,三者均可用;替代不可數(shù)名詞時,不能用the one,而要用it或that。此時it與that的區(qū)別是:表示同一事物時,用it;表示同類事物時,用that或the one。如:
The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 這兒的天氣太冷了,我不喜歡這兒的天氣。(it在此就指前面提到的the weather)
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 北京的天氣比廣州冷。(that在此指代的天氣與前面提到的天氣為同類)
My uncle bought me a dictionary and I like it very much. 我叔叔給我買了一本詞典,我非常喜歡它。(it在此就是指前面提到的叔叔給我買的詞典)
Your dictionary is more useful than the one my uncle gave me. 你這本詞典比我叔叔給我的那本詞典更有用。(the one在此表示與前面提到的詞典為同類)
2. 替代事物時,三者均可用;替代人時,只能用the one。如:
Who is her husband?—The one by the window. 哪位是她的丈夫?——窗戶邊的那一位。
注:當要替代性別不明的嬰兒時可用it。
3. 當有前置定語修飾時,只能用the one。如:
Which do you want?—The red one. 你想要哪個?——那個紅的。
She would rather have the small one than the large one. 她寧愿要小的,不要大的。
4. 當有后置定語修飾時,通常用the one。如:
My room is better than the one next door. 我的房間比隔壁房間好。
He said he would have the one near him. 他說他要靠近他的那一個。
Is that the one that was published recently? 是最近出版的那一種嗎?
Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 這里有六枚戒指,選出你最喜歡的一枚。
但是,若后置定語為of引起的介詞短語,則通常用that。如:
The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中國人口比日本人口多得多。
A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任務比父母的任務要輕松一些。
三、替代表泛指的復數(shù)名詞
替代表泛指的復數(shù)名詞,通常用ones。如:
Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬板床比軟床有利于健康。
Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青蘋果往往比紅蘋果好吃。
We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我們可以借給你塑料椅子或者金屬椅子。
These chairs have the great advantage of being much cheaper than conventional ones. 這些椅子具有比普通椅子便宜得多的優(yōu)勢。
四、替代表特指的復數(shù)名詞
替代表特指的復數(shù)名詞,通常用the ones。如:
I’d like to try on those shoes. The ones at the front of the window. 我想試試那雙鞋子。櫥窗里前邊的那一雙。
Are they the ones who moved here recently? 是最近搬到這兒來的那些人嗎?
Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 別買那價錢貴的蘋果,買那便宜的。
注:在口語中,也可用those來替代表特指的復數(shù)名詞,尤其是當其后有of引導的介詞短語或who引導的定語從句時。如:
Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 紅色光線的波長約為藍色光線波長的兩倍。
Those of you who wish to go on the trip may sign up here. 你們中間想?yún)⒓舆@次游覽的人可以在這里簽名。
His ideas are little different from those of his friends. 他的想法和他朋友的想法沒什么兩樣。
Students who do well in examinations are those [the ones] who ask questions in class. 考試成績好的都是上課愛提問的學生。
五、幾點重要的補充說明
1. 當替代詞one / ones 緊跟在形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞以及this, that, these, those, which, either, neither, another等限定詞之后時,通常可以省略。如:
I think my dog’s the fastest (one). 我想我的狗是跑得最快的(一只)。
Either (one) will suit me. (這兩個當中)哪一個對我都合適。
Let’s have another (one). 咱們再來一個吧。
She looked at each (one) carefully before she chose. 她仔細地看了看每一個,然后才挑選。
Which (one) would you like?—That (one) looks the nicest. 您要哪一個?——看起來那個最好。
2. 復數(shù)形式的ones之前一般不直接用名詞所有格、物主代詞、數(shù)詞以及 some, any, both, several, dozen, own 等詞修飾。如:
Have you got any drawing-pins? Can I borrow some please? 你有圖釘嗎?我能借一些嗎? (不能說:…some ones?)
Do you have any new diaries?—We don’t have any at the moment. 你有沒有新的日記本?——我們眼下一本也沒有了。(不能說:... any ones? )
Do question 1 or question 2, but not both. 第1題和第2題選做一道,但不要兩道都做。(不能說:... both ones.) (from www.yygrammar.com)
He has three dictionaries and I have only two. 他有三本詞典,但我只有兩本。(不能說:... two ones.)
注:如果ones前有描繪性形容詞修飾,則可以使用上述詞語。如:
誤:her ones / some ones / any ones / five ones / your own ones
正:her red ones / some new ones / any old ones / five bad ones / your own nice ones
在美國英語中,ones不能緊跟在these和those之后。但是在英國英語中可以這樣用(也不常見)。
3. 當一個名詞受另一個名詞修飾時,通常不宜用one(s)來替代。如:
Do you need coffee cups or tea cups? 你們需要咖啡杯還是要茶杯? (不能說:... or tea ones? )
但若一個名詞受表材料的名詞修飾,可用one(s)替代。如:
We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我們可以借給你塑料椅子或者金屬椅子。