百科知識視頻之煎蛋小學(xué)堂79 啤酒生態(tài)平衡說

In the local shop,next to major beer brands,you might find microbrews with crazy names like Wild Skunk Ale,Fiddlehead Fuel,or Mudscker Stout,although I just made those up.While the big-brands run TV ads starring sexy skiers or tough guys with trucks,their small competitors have to scrabble for attention from the store shelf.

在本地超市里 大牌啤酒的旁邊，你可能發(fā)現(xiàn)名字奇葩的微釀啤酒 像野鼬麥芽醇 蕨菜酒，虎魚黑啤等等 雖然這些都是我編的。而大牌啤酒則在廣告中以性感滑雪者和卡皮卡的硬漢吸引眼球，這些弱勢競爭者們只能在貨架上爭奪人們的眼光。

That's because,much like a small shrub or fern beneath the tall trees in a forest,microbreweries live in the shadows of their larger corporate competitors.And,surprisingly,many species and businesses that eke out a living in the shadows of giants employ similar strategies to succeed in their respective dog-eat-dog worlds of intense competition for limited resources.

這是因?yàn)?正如森林中高樹下的灌木叢和蕨類一樣，小牌啤酒也生活在大公司罩下的陰影之中。令人驚奇的是 許多在巨人陰影下勉強(qiáng)度日的小企業(yè)和植物 采用了相似的策略以在這個到處是激烈競爭緊張資源的 狗咬狗的社會中生存下來。

The winners of this competition in the forest or beer business,as defined by sheer volume,are those that capture the most resources,sunlight in one case and consumers'dollars in the other.The mechanics differ-big trees capture sunlight by being tall and wide,While large brewers earn billions of dollars of profits by having a broad reach.Attracting customers with low prices,mild flavor,and large advertising budgets.

森林中或是啤酒市場的競爭勝者，因其“量大”而勝即前者中接受到最多的陽光，以及后者中從消費(fèi)者手中賺到最多的錢，而機(jī)理有所不同 大樹因其高大而捕獲更多陽光，大啤酒商因其觸及面廣而賺得數(shù)十億美金。他們通過低價銷售 適中的味道和巨額廣告預(yù)算吸引消費(fèi)者。

The outcome is the same,though-by capfturing the most valuable resources before they reach others,dominant trees and companies exclude weaker competitors who employ the same tactics.But there are trade-offs to any strategy and being the best on average rarely works in all cases and conditions.That's how understory ferns and microbreweries can succeed-by specializing in conditions the "big guys"are not so good at:the so-called empty niches.

結(jié)果也大抵相似 通過在他人得到資源前占領(lǐng) 最有價值的一部分 大樹和大公司排擠走采用相同策略的弱勢公司。但是任何策略都過猶不及各項(xiàng)平均值最好并不能應(yīng)對所有的狀況。這就是微釀啤酒和低矮蕨類能成功的原因 他們擅長那些“大家伙”們不善的東西：這就是所謂的“空生態(tài)位”。

In deep shade,a fern can make a healthy,if modest,living by avoiding direct competition and investing prudently in just enough photosynthetic machinery to make a profit from the faint sunlight reaching the forest floor-leftover light not worth the extra effort for the big trees to capture up above.

在暗影中 歚類至少能夠健康生存下來，他們通過避免與大樹直接競爭 投入恰到好處的光合作用體，來從到達(dá)森林地面微弱的光線中獲利而大樹則不值得耗費(fèi)精力 從高空捕獲這些遺漏的陽光。

Ferns can even thrive on a photosynthetic income that's inadequate for the small offspring of many trees and thus the humble fern coexists with the tall timber above by competing on its own terms.Similarly,microbrews,which invest in being odd,trendy,and strongly flavored,can persevere by attracting aficionados not swayed by the marketing and lower prices of larger breweries.

蕨類甚至能在諸多樹木后代無法生存的微弱光線來源中繁榮生長，這些矮小的蕨類因此能在種內(nèi)斗爭中與上方高大的樹木共存。類似地 微釀啤酒將重心放在古怪 時尚和重品味中，因而能在波動的市場和大公司的低價戰(zhàn)略中謀得自己的一席之地。

Sure,fewer people fall into this category just as fewer beams of sunlight fall through the canopy onto the forest floor,but where are resources,there's potential to survive.And survival is the goal of both ferns and firms,so it's not really that surprising that both nature and the economy,driven by the same kinds of competition,give rise to niches and diversification to canopy and understory in the forest,and in the supermarket aisle!

當(dāng)然 這類人的確不多，正如極少縷陽光能穿過樹葉 灑落在森林地面一樣，但是只要有資源的地方就有生存的潛質(zhì)。對于小公司和蕨類而言 生存是第一要義，因此 不奇怪由同類競爭所驅(qū)動的自然環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)體 會為森林中的蕨類以及市場中的微釀啤酒提供賴以生存的空穴和多樣化的商品市場!