為什么睡過(guò)頭反而更累？

We’ve all been there: It’s been a long week at work, so Friday night, you reward yourself by going to bed early and sleeping in. But when you wake up the next morning (or afternoon), light scathes your eyes, and your limbs feel like they’re filled with sand. Your brain is still lying down and you even have faint headache. If too little sleep is a problem, then why is extra sleep a terrible solution?

我們都有過(guò)這種體驗(yàn)：辛勞工作了漫長(zhǎng)的一周后，為了好好犒勞自己，周五早早上床，然后睡個(gè)自然醒。但是第二天一大早(或者一覺(jué)睡到下午)起床的時(shí)候，只覺(jué)得陽(yáng)光刺眼，四肢像灌了鉛一樣。大腦昏昏沉沉，甚至感覺(jué)頭部隱隱作痛。如果睡得太少是個(gè)問(wèn)題的話(huà)，那么為什么睡多了也那么糟糕?

Oversleeping feels so much like a hangover that scientists call it sleep drunkenness. But, unlike the brute forceneurological damage caused by alcohol, your misguided attempt to stock up on rest makes you feel sluggish by confusing the part of your brain that controls your body’s daily cycle.

睡過(guò)頭的感覺(jué)跟宿醉之后的感覺(jué)極為相似，科學(xué)家們稱(chēng)之為“睡醉”。但是，與酒精對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)所造成的強(qiáng)烈損傷不同，睡過(guò)頭這種錯(cuò)誤行徑所導(dǎo)致的身體行動(dòng)遲緩，是由于控制身體日常循環(huán)的那部分大腦神經(jīng)被混亂的作息混淆所導(dǎo)致的。

Your internal rhythms are set by your circadian pacemaker, a group of cells clustered in the hypothalamus, aprimitive little part of the brain that also controls hunger, thirst, and sweat. Primarily triggered by light signals from your eye, the pacemaker figures out when it’s morning and sends out chemical messages keeping the rest of the cells in your body on the same clock.

身體的內(nèi)部節(jié)奏是提前設(shè)定好的，會(huì)根據(jù)人體內(nèi)在的生理起搏器、下丘腦部的一系列神經(jīng)簇還有大腦控制饑餓、口渴和出汗的那一小部分基元來(lái)共同作出決定。在晝夜節(jié)律系統(tǒng)的生物鐘中，生理起搏器主要根據(jù)眼部所接收的光線(xiàn)來(lái)判斷清晨的時(shí)間，然后向身體的其他部分發(fā)送化學(xué)信號(hào)告知該時(shí)間。

Scientists believe that the pacemaker evolved to tell the cells in our bodies how to regulate their energy on a daily basis. When you sleep too much, you’re throwing off that biological clock, and it starts telling the cells a different story than what they’re actually experiencing, inducing a sense of fatigue. You might be crawling out of bed at 11am, but your cells started using their energy cycle at seven. This is similar to how jet lag works.

科學(xué)家們相信：進(jìn)化后的生理起搏器會(huì)告知身體細(xì)胞，每日如何管理調(diào)節(jié)自身能量。如果你睡得過(guò)久，就會(huì)脫離正常的生物鐘，導(dǎo)致生理起搏器對(duì)身體細(xì)胞發(fā)出的訊號(hào)與以往實(shí)際體驗(yàn)中的不同，包括對(duì)疲勞的感覺(jué)。你可能在早上11點(diǎn)才從床上爬起來(lái)，但是你的身體細(xì)胞從早上7點(diǎn)就開(kāi)始進(jìn)行能量循環(huán)了。這與時(shí)差所導(dǎo)致的情況十分相似。

But oversleep isn’t just going to ruin your Saturday hike. If you’re oversleeping on the regular, you could be putting yourself at risk for diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Harvard’s massive Nurses Health Study found that people who slept 9 to 11 hours a night developed memory problems and were more likely to develop heart disease than people who slept a solid eight. (Undersleepers are at an even bigger risk). Other studies have linked oversleep to diabetes, obesity, and even early death.

但是睡過(guò)頭毀掉的可不僅僅是你周末的遠(yuǎn)足計(jì)劃而已。如果你經(jīng)常性的睡過(guò)頭，就有可能罹患糖尿病、心臟病還有肥胖癥。哈佛的護(hù)士健康研究有大量數(shù)據(jù)顯示：一晚上睡9到11個(gè)小時(shí)的人，比起長(zhǎng)期睡夠8小時(shí)的人，更有可能出現(xiàn)記憶力的問(wèn)題和心臟疾病(睡得更少的人則會(huì)有更大的問(wèn)題)。其他研究表明：睡過(guò)頭與糖尿病、肥胖癥甚至早逝有所關(guān)聯(lián)。

Oversleep doesn’t just happen as a misguided attempt at rewarding yourself. The Harvard Nurses Study estimated that chronic oversleep affects about 4 percent of the population. These are generally people who work odd hours, have an uncomfortable sleep situation, or a sleeping disorder.

睡過(guò)頭可不僅僅是你犒勞自己的錯(cuò)誤選擇。哈佛護(hù)士研究評(píng)估：長(zhǎng)期睡過(guò)頭的人群，占到總?cè)丝诒戎氐?%，通常出現(xiàn)在工作時(shí)間不規(guī)律的人群中，這些人都有睡眠狀態(tài)不佳或者睡眠時(shí)間不規(guī)律的問(wèn)題。

People who work early morning or overnight shifts might be oversleeping to compensate for waking up before the sun rises or going to sleep when it’s light out. Doctors recommend using dark curtains and artificial lights to straighten things out rather than medication or supplements. Apps like the University of Michigan’s Entrain can also help people reset their circadian clock by logging the amount and type of light they get throughout the day.

一大早就開(kāi)始工作的人還有上夜班的人，可能會(huì)為了天不亮就起床或者睡得太遲而補(bǔ)覺(jué)。醫(yī)生建議：使用深色的窗簾和人造光源來(lái)修正該問(wèn)題，效果會(huì)比使用藥物治療或者輔助手段更佳。像是密歇根大學(xué)所屬的娛樂(lè)公司出品的軟件，可以通過(guò)記錄一整天中光線(xiàn)的數(shù)量還有類(lèi)型，幫助人們重置自己的生物鐘。

When you go to bed, your body cycles between different sleep stages. Your muscles, bones, and other tissues do their repair work during deep sleep, before you enter REM. However, if your bed or bedroom is uncomfortable—too hot or cold, messy, or lumpy—your body will spend more time in light, superficial sleep. Craving rest, you’ll sleep longer.

在你上床睡覺(jué)時(shí)，你的身體循環(huán)會(huì)處于兩種不同的睡眠狀態(tài)中。肌肉、骨骼還有其他軟組織都會(huì)在深度睡眠時(shí)進(jìn)行修復(fù)工作，而在快速眼動(dòng)睡眠階段則不會(huì)。但是，如果你的床鋪或者臥室不夠舒適——太熱、太冷或是凌亂不堪——你的身體會(huì)更多地處于輕度淺層睡眠狀態(tài)。由于對(duì)休息的需求，結(jié)果會(huì)導(dǎo)致你睡得更久一些。

If everything’s just fine with your sleep zone but you still can’t get under the eight hour mark, you might need to go see a doctor. It could be a symptom of narcolepsy, which makes it hard for your body to regulate fatigue and makes you sleep in more. Sleep apnea is a potentially more serious disorder where you stop breathing while you slumber. It’s typically caused by an obstructed airway, which leads to snoring. However, in a small number of sufferers, the brain simply stops telling the muscles to breathe, starving the brain and eventually forcing a gasping response. In addition to all the other terrifying aspects of this disease, it’s not doing your quality of sleep any favors.

如果你的睡眠區(qū)(床鋪、臥室等)都沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題，但身體還是無(wú)法獲得8小時(shí)的睡眠標(biāo)識(shí)，那么你可能得去看醫(yī)生了，因?yàn)檫@可能是嗜睡癥的癥狀：你的身體難以調(diào)節(jié)疲勞度，從而令你更容易睡過(guò)頭。睡眠窒息是一種潛在的嚴(yán)重失序，即在你睡眠時(shí)呼吸暫停。這種情況通常是由于氣管內(nèi)有阻礙所導(dǎo)致的，并導(dǎo)致打鼾。但是，在一小部分患者中，大腦只是暫停向控制呼吸的肌肉發(fā)送信號(hào)，令大腦缺氧，并最終造成痙攣喘息的反應(yīng)。這種疾病除了所有駭人聽(tīng)聞的方面以外，對(duì)睡眠質(zhì)量也有所損害。

No surprise, drugs and alcohol might also be causing you to sleep too much, as does being depressed (In fact, oversleep can contribute to even more depression). But no matter what’s causing it, too much sleep is not good for your long term health. Rather than kicking the can down the road, try getting some equilibrium between your weekend and weekday sleep.

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，毒品和酒精可能也會(huì)造成你睡眠過(guò)量，就像造成抑郁一樣(事實(shí)上，睡過(guò)頭所造成的后果甚至比抑郁癥要嚴(yán)重)。但是無(wú)論原因?yàn)楹?，睡過(guò)頭對(duì)身體的長(zhǎng)期健康都是沒(méi)什么好處的。所以別再回避問(wèn)題了，趕緊讓你的周內(nèi)與周末的睡眠時(shí)間平衡起來(lái)吧。