國(guó)家地理:女性是如何改變盧旺達(dá)的(5)

Justine Uvuza led the legal division of the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion and was tasked with, among other things, identifying gender-discriminatory laws to be amended or repealed, such as a law that forbade women from working at night. Another law not only prohibited women from entering the diplomatic corps, but said a woman was "part of the property" of a man who became a diplomat. Changes in Rwanda's laws also established a Gender Monitoring Office to promote and oversee gender-equality initiatives. Women in parliament lobbied for laws against gender-based violence that criminalized marital rape, and amended the succession law in 2016 to allow childless widows to inherit a spouse's property.

賈斯丁·尤扎負(fù)責(zé)性別和家庭關(guān)系促進(jìn)部門的法務(wù)，除了日常日常工作，她還要判斷哪些涉及性別歧視的法律是需要進(jìn)行修改的，比如禁止女性在晚上工作的法律。還有一部法律不僅禁止女性進(jìn)入外交部門，還說(shuō)女性是男性外交官財(cái)產(chǎn)的一部分。盧旺達(dá)法律的改變同樣也促成了性別監(jiān)督辦公室的建立，它被用來(lái)推動(dòng)和監(jiān)督性別平等事業(yè)。國(guó)會(huì)的女性四處游說(shuō)，要求制定反對(duì)性別暴力和婚內(nèi)強(qiáng)奸的法律，她們還要求在-2016年修訂繼承法，允許沒(méi)有孩子的寡婦繼承配偶的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

The post-genocide changes came about in large part because of the absence of men, but as human rights lawyer Karekezi says, also "because of a political vision." Women were rewarded for refusing to shelter men, including kinsmen, who were involved in the genocide, and for testifying against their rapists. The pro-women policies, Karekezi says, also recognized a woman's precolonial role in decision-making, when the country's kings were counseled by their mothers and when rural women held communities together while men were away with grazing livestock.

大屠殺之后發(fā)生的變革是因?yàn)槟行缘娜笔?，但是正如人?quán)律師卡雷克奇說(shuō)的，同樣也是因?yàn)檎芜h(yuǎn)見(jiàn)。女性因?yàn)闆](méi)有包庇那些參與了屠殺的男性，包括包庇她們的親屬以及站出來(lái)指證那些強(qiáng)奸犯而獲得了獎(jiǎng)賞?？ɡ卓似嬲f(shuō)，這些有利于女性的政策顯示了女性在決策過(guò)程中的主要地位，在這種環(huán)境下國(guó)王的母親可以對(duì)他們提意見(jiàn)，農(nóng)村男性在外飼養(yǎng)牲畜，女性管理社區(qū)。

Rwanda's values and expectations for women, at least in the public realm, have changed in a generation. As more women like Rubagumya have entered the government's ranks, their impact has been inspirational in addition to shaping laws and policies. Agnes Nyinawumuntu, 39, is president of a 160-member women's coffee-growing cooperative high in the lush hills of the eastern Kayonza district. Before the genocide, she says, the list of things women couldn't do, including coffee growing, was long. "There was only one activity for us: to be pregnant and have kids." Nyinawumuntu has five, and although her husband also works in agriculture, she's the primary breadwinner. Seeing women in parliament, she says, "gives us confidence and pride. I see that if I work, I can get far. That's why some of us became local leaders."

盧旺達(dá)對(duì)女性價(jià)值的判斷和期待在一個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)，至少在公共領(lǐng)域，發(fā)生了巨大的改變。隨著更多的像盧巴高米亞這樣的女性進(jìn)入政府機(jī)構(gòu)，包括修訂法律和政策，她們?cè)诤芏嗥渌I(lǐng)域的影響都非常鼓舞人心。艾格尼絲·尼納烏門圖今年39歲，她在東卡擁扎鎮(zhèn)一座樹(shù)木茂盛的山上種植咖啡，在一家有160名成員的女性咖啡種植公司擔(dān)任總裁。她說(shuō)，在屠殺發(fā)生前，女性不能做的事情的單子非常長(zhǎng)，其中還包括咖啡種植?！拔覀兡茏龅闹挥幸患?，懷孕生子。”她現(xiàn)在有五個(gè)孩子，盡管她的丈夫也從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但她才是家中的頂梁柱。她說(shuō)，看到別的女性進(jìn)入國(guó)會(huì)，“這給了我們自信也讓我們驕傲。我認(rèn)識(shí)到只要我努力工作我就可以走的更遠(yuǎn)。這就是為什么我們中的一些人成為了當(dāng)?shù)氐念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)?！?/p>