國(guó)家地理:融化的北極正使一場(chǎng)新的冷戰(zhàn)升溫(10)

The opening of the new frontier can be traced to a calm morning in August 2007, when a pair of Russian submersibles dropped 14,000 feet to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean and planted a flag made of titanium at the North Pole. Images broadcast around the world of the Russian tricolor on the seabed drew quick condemnation in the West.

這片新領(lǐng)域的開(kāi)發(fā)可以追溯到2007年8月的一個(gè)安靜的上午，一對(duì)俄羅斯?jié)撍畣T下潛了14000英尺并到達(dá)了北冰洋的底部。他們把一面鈦制的旗子插在了北極。四處傳播的俄羅斯三色旗插在海床上的照片很快引起了西方社會(huì)的一片譴責(zé)。

It had been one of the hottest years on record, and just a month later scientists monitoring the ocean by satellite announced that sea ice had shrunk to the lowest extent ever witnessed. "It was the largest Arctic ice loss in human history and was not predicted by even the most aggressive climate models," said Jonathan Markowitz, a professor of international relations at the University of Southern California. "This shock led everyone to suddenly understand that the ice was rapidly disappearing, and some nations decided to start making moves."

那是歷史上最熱的一年，就在一個(gè)月后科學(xué)家們用衛(wèi)星監(jiān)測(cè)到海面的冰川量減少到前所未有的地步?！斑@是人類歷史上冰川融化面積最大的一次，即使是數(shù)據(jù)最夸張的氣候模型都沒(méi)能預(yù)測(cè)到”，喬納森·馬科威茨說(shuō)道，他是南加利福尼亞大學(xué)教授國(guó)際關(guān)系的一名教授。“這次事件讓所有人突然意識(shí)到冰川在急劇消失，一些國(guó)家決定開(kāi)始要采取措施了。”

Today Russia has become, by most measures, the dominant power in the Arctic. It has the world's largest fleet capable of operating year-round in extreme northern waters and maintains dozens of military bases above the Arctic Circle. The U.S. maintains one base in the Arctic, an airfield, on borrowed ground in northern Greenland.

今天俄羅斯在很多方面已經(jīng)成了北極的主宰力量。該國(guó)有世界上最強(qiáng)大的艦隊(duì)，可以在北方的水里作業(yè)一年之久，還在北極圈以內(nèi)建立了十幾個(gè)基地。而美國(guó)在北極只有一個(gè)基地，另外在租借地有一個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)。

Russia has stationed new troops in the north, increased submarine activity, and returned warplanes to Arctic skies, where they now routinely buzz NATO airspace. But Markowitz and several other researchers told me Russian activity in the north was a mirror more of internal plans than of global ambitions.

俄羅斯在北方駐扎了一支新的部隊(duì)，增加了潛艇活動(dòng)，還在北極上空開(kāi)起了飛機(jī)，他們現(xiàn)在每天都在北約的領(lǐng)空打轉(zhuǎn)。但馬科威茨和其它的研究人員認(rèn)為，俄羅斯在北方的行動(dòng)只是更多的反映了他們內(nèi)部的計(jì)劃，而不是對(duì)全球的野心。

Two million Russians inhabit the country's Arctic territory, which has several large cities, including Murmansk and Norilsk. The combined Arctic populations of Canada and the U.S. equal less than a quarter of that number. In the U.S., the largest Arctic town, Utqiagvik, formerly Barrow, is home to just over 4,000 people.

200萬(wàn)俄羅斯人居住在北極的領(lǐng)土上，那里有好幾個(gè)大城市，包括摩爾曼斯克和諾里爾斯克。居住在北極的加拿大人和美國(guó)人加起來(lái)都不到這個(gè)數(shù)字的四分之一。美國(guó)位于北極的最大的鎮(zhèn)叫烏特起亞格維克，也就是曾經(jīng)的巴羅，只住了4000多人。