大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 23

[00:00.00]Unit 23 text A [00:04.78]Non-verbal Communication [00:07.01]非言語交際 [00:09.25]If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, [00:13.07]如果有人問你，人與人之間的主要交際手段是什么， [00:16.90]what would you say? [00:18.78]你會怎么說呢？ [00:20.66]That isn't a catch question. [00:22.88]這不是一個難以回答的問題。 [00:25.10]The answer is simple and obvious. [00:27.43]答案簡單又明顯。 [00:29.75]It would almost certainly refer to means of communication [00:33.44]幾乎完全可以肯定地證券交易， [00:37.12]that involve the use of words. [00:39.34]它是使用語言的交際手段。 [00:41.56]Speakers and listeners--oral communication [00:44.64]說話者與聽話者使用口語交際； [00:47.73]and writers and readers written communication,And you'd be quite right. [00:50.70]作者與讀者使用書面語交際。 [00:53.68]And you'd be quite right. [00:55.81]你的回答應(yīng)當(dāng)說是相當(dāng)?shù)恼_。 [00:57.94]There is, however, another form of communication [01:00.81]但是還有一種 [01:03.69]which We all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. [01:07.25]我們不知不覺地隨時使用的交際形式。 [01:10.82]This is sometimes called body language. [01:13.50]這就是我們有時所說的身姿語， [01:16.17]Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. [01:19.45]用更專業(yè)性的術(shù)語來說，就是非言語交際。 [01:22.73]Nonverbal, because it does not involve the use of words. [01:26.52]之所以叫做非言語交際是因為交際中未使用語言。 [01:30.31]NVC for short. [01:32.83]“非言語交際”的英文縮寫為NVC 。 [01:35.35]When someone is saying something with which he agrees, [01:38.17]如果一般的歐洲人同意某人所說的某件事時， [01:40.99]the average European will smile and nod approval. [01:44.42]他用微笑和點頭表示 贊許。 [01:47.86]On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying,you may frown and shake your head. [01:52.24]反之，如果你不同意某人所說，你可能會皺眉與搖頭。 [01:56.61]In this way you signal your reactions and [01:59.29]你用這種方法一言不發(fā)地 [02:01.97]communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. [02:05.05]表示了你的反應(yīng)并把它傳遞給了對方。 [02:08.13]I referred a moment ago to "the average European" [02:11.16]我剛才說的是“一般歐洲人”, [02:14.19]because body language is very much tied to culture, [02:17.13]因為身勢語與文化有關(guān)固定的關(guān)系。 [02:20.07]and in order not to misunderstand,or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. [02:24.69]為了不誤解別人的意思或不被別人誤解，你必須認(rèn)識到這一點。 [02:29.32]A smiling Chinese, for instance,may not be approving [02:32.70]比如，中國人微笑可能并不表示贊許， [02:36.08]but somewhat embarrassed. [02:38.07]而是某種尷尬的表現(xiàn)。 [02:40.05]Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, [02:43.58]關(guān)于NVC問題，人們正在做很多的研究工作。 [02:47.11]which is obviously important [02:49.29]這一點，比如對管理人員來說， [02:51.47]for instance,to managers who have to deal every day with their staff, [02:55.29]顯然十分重要，因為如果要創(chuàng)造良好的工作條件 [02:59.12]and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. [03:03.11]管理人員必須每天與他的員工打交道，必須了解別人都在想些什么。 [03:07.09]Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds [03:11.41]身姿語，即NVC信號，有時可歸為五類： [03:15.74]1. body and facial gestures; [03:18.56]1體勢與面部表情； [03:21.38]2. eye contact; 3.body contact or "proximity" [03:25.71]2目光接觸；3身體接觸，即“親近度”; [03:30.05]4. clothing and physical appearance and 5. the quality of speech. [03:34.82]4著裝與外觀；5言語質(zhì)量。 [03:39.59]I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity. [03:43.06]我想諸位都懂得這些概念，也許“新近度”例外。 [03:46.53]" This simply means "closeness". [03:49.17]親近度不過就是靠近的程度”。 [03:51.81]In some cultures-- [03:53.73]在某些文化中—— [03:55.65]and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one [03:59.03]我相信這是文化特性而并非個人的特性 [04:02.42]it is quite normal for people to stand close together, [04:05.66]當(dāng)別人和你說話的時候，你們站在一起距離很近， [04:08.89]or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. [04:12.53]或者別人把臉靠得幾乎碰到你的臉部，這是很正常的現(xiàn)象。 [04:16.16]In other cultures, this is disliked; [04:18.83]但在另外一些文化中，人們不喜歡這種做法。 [04:21.51]Americans, for instancetalk about invasion of their space. [04:25.29]例如，美國人就說這是對他們的空間侵犯。 [04:29.06]Some signals are probably common to all of us. [04:32.20]有些信號可能對我們所有的人都是共同的。 [04:35.33]If a public speaker (like a professor,for example) [04:38.20]如果一位講演者（例如像教授那樣的人） [04:41.08]is all the time fiddling with a pencil, [04:43.90]在對你講演的同時無意地擺弄鉛筆 [04:46.72]or with his glasses,while he is talking to you, [04:49.08]或眼鏡，實際上他在清楚地 [04:51.45]he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. [04:54.53]向你顯示他很緊張。 [04:57.61]A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking [05:00.84]一個人如果說話時手放在嘴上 [05:04.07]is signalling that he is lacking in confidence. [05:06.95]說明了缺乏信心。 [05:09.84]If you start wriggling in your chairs [05:12.06]如果你開始在座椅上扭來扭去， [05:14.28]looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, [05:17.61]偷偷地看表或用手捂住嘴的哈欠， [05:20.94]I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you. [05:23.58]我立即就會明白你的意思，你對我的講話感到厭煩了。 [05:26.22]And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals [05:29.74]如此等等，舉不勝舉.我相信你可以將這些信號列出一個長長的單子如果你真的這樣做， [05:33.27]and it might be fun if you did. [05:35.40]那會很有意思的。 [05:37.53]All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. [05:41.02]以上我提到的所有這些信號都是可以控制的。 [05:44.50]If you are aware that you are doing these things,you can stop. [05:47.78]如果你現(xiàn)在意識不到做這些動作，你可以停下來。 [05:51.06]You can even learn to give false signals. [05:53.84]甚至可以學(xué)會給出虛假信號。 [05:56.62]Most public speakers are in fact nervous, [05:59.35]實際上多數(shù)演說家都很緊張， [06:02.08]but a good speaker learns to hide this [06:04.76]但是一個好的演講者會學(xué)會給出信心的信號 [06:07.44]by giving off signals of confidence [06:09.76]來掩蓋自己的緊張。 [06:12.09]Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. [06:15.92]另有幾種NVC不容易控制。 [06:19.74]Eye contact, for instance. [06:21.92]例如目光接觸便是如此。 [06:24.10]Unless you are confessing intense love [06:26.74]除非你在表示著熾熱的愛情， [06:29.38]you hardly ever look into someone else's eyes for very long. [06:32.66]否則你幾乎從不會長時間地把目光與別人對視。 [06:35.94]If you try it, you'll find they will soon look away [06:39.02]如果你試著這樣做一次，你大概會覺得不好意思， [06:42.10]probably in embarrassment. [06:44.23]而很快把目光移開對方。 [06:46.36]I' ve already mentioned proximity, [06:48.63]我已經(jīng)談到過了親近性。 [06:50.91]so just a brief word now about our last two categories, [06:54.08]現(xiàn)在對最后兩類簡單地談幾句。 [06:57.25]which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. [07:00.43]這兩類涉及人們的著裝和說話的方式。 [07:03.60]These are both pretty obvious signals. [07:05.93]這兩類都是相當(dāng)明顯的信號。 [07:08.25]People may dress casually and speak casually [07:11.09]人們著裝可以不拘禮儀，說話可以隨便， [07:13.92]which signals that they are relaxed. [07:16.24]這都表明他們輕松寬展。 [07:18.57]Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. [07:22.15]反過去時來，著裝正式，說話彬彬有禮，說明心態(tài)緊張。 [07:25.73]In fact, non-verbal communication can,as the saying goes, speak volumes. [07:30.30]事實非言語交際，正如俗話說，此時無聲勝有聲。 [07:34.87]Text B [07:38.42]Body Talk [07:40.04]身姿語交際 [07:41.66]Have you ever wondered [07:43.18]你是否曾想過 [07:44.69]why you sometimes take an almost immediateliking to a person you have just met? [07:47.81]為什么你一見到一個人就幾乎立即喜歡上他？ [07:50.94]Or worried about why someone you were talking to [07:53.31]或者是否擔(dān)心過：為什么你與你談話的人 [07:55.69]suddenly became cool and distant? [07:57.82]忽然變得冷淡和疏遠(yuǎn)了呢？ [07:59.95]The chances are that it wasn't [08:01.87]很可能不是因為說了什么話， [08:03.79]anything that was said but something that happened: [08:06.22]而是因為發(fā)生了某種事情： [08:08.65]a gesture, a movement, a smite, [08:11.17]是一個手勢，一個動作或一個微笑所致。 [08:13.69]Social scientists ale nowdevoting considerable attention [08:16.33]社會科學(xué)家現(xiàn)在相當(dāng)注意研究 [08:18.96]to "non-verbal communication,' [08:21.09]“非言語交際”， [08:23.22]what happens when people get together, [08:25.20]即人們在一起時， [08:27.17]apart from their actual eonversation. [08:29.09]除了實際交談外還發(fā)生的事情。 [08:31.01]Professor Erving Goffman of the University of Pennsylvania [08:33.93]賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的歐文’高夫曼教授 [08:36.86]is involved in a continuing study [08:38.99]參與一項關(guān)于 [08:41.12]of the way people behave in soeial interaction. [08:43.55]人們在社會交往中的行為方式的系列性研究。 [08:45.98]He feets that gestures,movements [08:48.20]他感到手勢、動作 [08:50.42]and physical elosehess have meaning [08:52.49]和身體距離都具有 [08:54.57]which the words that the people are using do using not carry. [08:57.25]人們用語言所不能表達(dá)的含義。 [08:59.92]The closeness of two people when talking, [09:01.95]兩人談話時的靠近程度、 [09:03.97]movement towards and away from each other, [09:06.31]彼此相距更接近還是更遠(yuǎn)離， [09:08.65]and the amount of eye eontactatl 'reveal something [09:11.38]以及目光接觸程度都能顯示 [09:14.11]about the nature of the relationship between the two individuals. [09:17.05]兩人關(guān)系性質(zhì)的某些情況。 [09:19.99]We tend to be only subeonseiouely aware, [09:22.21]我們對社會行為的 [09:24.43]if at all of the various patterns and rituals of social behavor. [09:27.85]各種模式和禮儀縱有所知，也常是下意識的。 [09:31.27]We expect other people to act aceording to the same "rules" that we do [09:34.21]我們期待別人也按我們的“規(guī)則”行事， [09:37.15]so much so that the manners and behavior of persons [09:39.79]以至處于另一種文化背景下的人的某些行為舉止 [09:42.43]from another culturecan be extremely confusing. [09:44.79]會使我們感到極為困惑。 [09:47.15]For example, [09:48.53]例如， [09:49.90]North Americans tend to expect more physical distance between two speakers than do Latin Americans. [09:53.92]北美洲人與拉丁美洲人相比，前者更希望兩人說話之間應(yīng)保持更大一些的距離。 [09:57.94]Consequesntly, [09:59.52]因此， [10:01.10]when the Latin American seens to be leaning too closethe [10:03.47]當(dāng)一位拉丁美洲人似乎靠得太近的時候， [10:05.83]North American complains of "invasionof his space. [10:08.63]北美洲人便抱怨“侵犯了他的空間”。 [10:11.42]"The,Latin American, on the other hand, [10:13.64]反過來，拉丁美洲人認(rèn)為 [10:15.86]often considers the North American to be "cold" or "distant" [10:18.68]北美洲人“冷淡”或“疏遠(yuǎn)”， [10:21.51]because he keeps a greater distance between himselfand the person he is speaking to. [10:24.59]因為北美洲人與跟他說話的人之間保持著更大的距離。 [10:27.67]Eye contact is one way of measuring the degree of closeness [10:30.30]雖然目光接觸對不同的文化具有不同的含義， [10:32.92]of relationship between two speakers, [10:35.00]但它是一種衡量兩個說話人之間 [10:37.07]although there are cultural variations in the meaning of eye contact. [10:39.65]關(guān)系密切程度的手段。 [10:42.22]In the Middle East, for example, [10:43.98]在中東，如果 [10:45.75]it is considered extremely provocativefor a woman to let a man catch her eye, [10:48.88]一個女人讓一個男人注視她的眼睛，就被認(rèn)為是挑逗性的， [10:52.02]let alone return his gaze. [10:53.90]更不要說交換眼神了。 [10:55.78]Social psychologist Michael Argyle observes [10:57.85]社會心理學(xué)家邁克爾’阿蓋爾觀察到 [10:59.93]that there is more eye contact between people who like each other [11:03.01]在彼此喜歡的人之間比彼此漠不關(guān)心或者相互敵視的人之間 [11:06.10]than those who are indifferent or hostile towards each other. [11:08.53]目光接觸要更多些。 [11:10.96]And the longer the length of the gaze, [11:13.33]聽講者向講話人注視的時間愈長， [11:15.71]the more likely it is that the listener is more interestedin the person who is speaking [11:18.74]愈有可能說明聽講者更喜歡講話人 [11:21.77]than the actual topic of conversation. [11:23.95]而不是講話的內(nèi)容本身。 [11:26.13]Frequently looking down can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. [11:29.31]常常向下看表示的是唯唯諾諾或局促不安。 [11:32.48]Looking away repeatedly may express boredom or dislike. [11:35.28]反復(fù)向旁邊看可能表示厭煩或嫌惡。 [11:38.07]Women tend to engage in more eye contact than [11:40.40]女人比男人更傾向于使用目光接觸， [11:42.72]menespecially when talking to other women. [11:44.85]特別與別的女人談話時更是如此。 [11:46.98]But too steady eye contact can make one feel uneasy at times. [11:49.86]但持續(xù)時間很長的目光對視有時會使人感到不自在。 [11:52.75]Most people become uncomfortable under the intense gaze of a stare. [11:56.08]多數(shù)人在別人目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地盯著看時會感到很不舒服。 [11:59.41]One scientist suggests [12:01.03]依照有一位科學(xué)家的看法， [12:02.65]that perhaps one reason that man becomes tenseunder the force of a stare [12:05.73]盯視時感到緊張的原因之一 [12:08.82]is in his biological ancestors: [12:11.00]可能與人類的生物學(xué)上的祖先有關(guān)系： [12:13.18]in apes,a stare signifies aggressiveness and hostility. [12:16.26]類人猿盯著看東西便是攻擊和敵視的含義。 [12:19.34]The person who insistently fixes his eyes on our face [12:22.27]如果有人不斷地盯著看我們的臉， [12:25.20]is often more succesful in arousing our dislike [12:27.68]恐怕只會引起我們的反感 [12:30.16]than impressing us witch his directness and sincerity. [12:32.73]而不會使我們認(rèn)為此人直率和誠懇。 [12:35.30]Similarly, the smile cannot always be interpreted as a sign of friendliness. [12:38.84]同樣，不能把微笑總理解成是友好的象征。 [12:42.38]The person who smiles almost constantly [12:44.81]一個人沒有什么明顯的理由總是笑容滿面 [12:47.24]and with little apparent reason makes us uneasy. [12:49.61]也會使我們感到不安。 [12:51.97]Even though he may believe that he is expressing friendliness [12:54.49]即使他可能自認(rèn)為在表示友好， [12:57.01]he may really seem nervous and tense. [12:59.09]他也會使人覺得他緊張不安。 [13:01.17]In other animals, bared teeth are a warning gesture,a danger sign. [13:04.64]動物齜牙咧嘴是警告的姿態(tài)，是危險的信號。 [13:08.11]Genuine warmth or interest can be revealed in the eyes [13:10.60]真正的熱忱與興趣也可以在眼睛里表露出來。 [13:13.08]suggests Dr.Eckhard Hess of the University of Chicago, [13:15.90]芝加哥大學(xué)?？斯亍账拐J(rèn)為， [13:18.72]who believes that the pupils of the eyes can indicate emotion or interest [13:21.65]他相信眼里的瞳孔能表示出一個人的情感和興趣。 [13:24.57]The opened pupil tends to he associated with pleasant [13:27.35]遇上令人高興、滿意的事情時， [13:30.14]satisfying experiences. [13:32.06]瞳孔會變大。 [13:33.98]That special sparkle in the lover's eyes [13:36.50]情人眼里閃耀著特殊的光芒， [13:39.02]need not be fantasyfor love may make the pupil grow larger. [13:42.05]這種說法并非無稽之談，因為愛情可能會使瞳孔更明亮。 [13:45.08]Sometimes when we feel that a person is "warm" or "friendly", [13:47.86]有時我們覺得某人“熱情”或“友好”時， [13:50.64]it is possible we are reacting to a form of non-verbal communication [13:53.82]可能是因為他的瞳孔放大——一種非言語交際形式 [13:56.99]his opened pupils. [13:58.57]影響我們的結(jié)果。 [14:00.15]The next time you are at a party, [14:01.89]你下次參加社交聚會時， [14:03.62]take note of some of the silent messages being sent around you. [14:06.30]留心一下你周圍人所發(fā)出的一些無聲的信息。 [14:08.98]Notice which persons seem to draw naturally together to speak, [14:12.24]看看哪些人自然而然地聚在一起說話， [14:15.51]which others try to stay further apart [14:17.48]哪些人離開別人比較遠(yuǎn)， [14:19.45]or even avoid meeting each other's eyes. [14:21.73]甚至避開別人的目光。 [14:24.00]You may find that this silent language [14:25.92]你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種無聲的語言 [14:27.84]is much more fascinatingthan the actual conversation going on around you. [14:31.01]比你周圍的實際談話更令人神往。

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