VOA慢速英語: 聯(lián)合國(guó)維和報(bào)告建議作出改變

UN Peacekeeping Report Advises Changes

U.N. peacekeepers from Serbia at a station along the Lebanese-Israeli border.

聯(lián)合國(guó)維和報(bào)告建議進(jìn)行改革
Peacekeeping operations are often criticized. In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked a group to study all of the UN peacekeeping and political missions.
維和部隊(duì)總是被批評(píng)。2014年9月，聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)潘基文要求一個(gè)小組研究聯(lián)合國(guó)的維和部隊(duì)以及政治使命。
Jair van der Lign is head of peace operations research at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. His organization held meetings in Addis Ababa earlier this month to discuss African peacekeeping problems and ways to solve them. He wrote a report based on such meetings to give the panel more information.
杰克·范德·林是斯德哥爾摩國(guó)際和平研究所研究和平行動(dòng)的負(fù)責(zé)人。他所在的組織這個(gè)月在阿迪斯阿貝巴討論非洲維和問題，并找出解決辦法。根據(jù)這些會(huì)議，他寫了一份報(bào)告給專家小組更多的信息。
New problems
新問題
There are new problems for peacekeeping. One is that criminals and jihadists can easily cross some borders. These are borders that do not have strong security in place.
維和也有很多問題。其中一個(gè)問題是罪犯和圣戰(zhàn)分子能夠很容易地穿過邊界線。這些邊界線沒有很有力的安全措施。
Another problem has to do with equipment. Mr. van der Lign says bombs killed many peacekeepers in Mali. The bombs are left in the road or carried by people. To be safe, the peacekeepers need vehicles with strong sides that resist bombs.
另一個(gè)問題是裝備問題。杰克·范德·林表示在馬里，炸彈炸死很多維和人員。炸彈被扔在道路上或者人攜帶炸彈。為了確保安全，維和人員需要兩側(cè)強(qiáng)勁能夠抵抗炸彈的車輛。
"If you start to look at all the incidents, you will find most of the fatalities are the result of the IEDs that kill people because the vehicles they were traveling in were not IED-proof. So just making sure that particularly Chadian soldiers travel in Mali with the required armored personnel carriers would already save a lot of lives."
“如果你看看所有發(fā)生的事件，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)的傷亡事件是因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)易爆炸裝置，因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)中的車輛沒有防爆設(shè)施。因此，只要確保特別是在馬里配備裝甲人員輸送車的乍得士兵能夠挽救很多人的生命。”
The use of force
使用武力
The study found that people in countries where peacekeeping forces are working want them to use force to protect civilians. But the commanders may not always order their troops to use force. They do not want to put their troops in danger.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)擁有維和部隊(duì)的國(guó)家希望維和人員使用武力保護(hù)平民。但是指揮官也許不會(huì)總讓他們的部隊(duì)使用武力。他們不希望讓自己的部隊(duì)陷入危險(xiǎn)中。
The report says although the troops have orders, or a mandate, to protect civilians, the politicians in the home country of the UN troops can also give orders to the commanders.
報(bào)告稱盡管部隊(duì)有命令或者又授權(quán)來保護(hù)平民，但是聯(lián)合國(guó)部隊(duì)所屬國(guó)的政客仍然可以給指揮官下命令。
"That's why you see in some operations that the operations remain passive not necessarily because the mandate is passive, no quite often the mandate of an operation is very robust and says you should intervene and you should protect civilians. [It's] not because the force commander of the peace operation does not want to do it, but because the troop contributor, in the end, decides that they think it is too dangerous to protect civilians... in practice, there is a second line of command...and that's their own capitals. That is a problem the UN is aware of and trying to find solutions."
“這也就是為什么一些行動(dòng)是被動(dòng)的，因?yàn)槭跈?quán)的被動(dòng)，行動(dòng)的授權(quán)命令不總是很強(qiáng)勢(shì)的。授權(quán)命令表示你應(yīng)該介入保護(hù)平民百姓。不是因?yàn)榫S和部隊(duì)的指揮官不想要保護(hù)平民，而是派兵的決定會(huì)讓他們覺得保護(hù)平民是非常危險(xiǎn)的…實(shí)際上還有第二道命令…他們自己首府的決定。這是聯(lián)合國(guó)注意到的問題，而且正試圖找到解決答案。”
Clear orders
明確的命令
Mr. Van der Lijn says the UN must be clear about the orders they give to peacekeeping troops. The troops might not have a mandate, or order to protect all civilians. Or, they may not have everything they need to protect all of the civilians in an area. When people expect protection, and the troops cannot provide it, the people get angry. This has happened in Mali, South Sudan, and the Eastern Congo.
杰克·范德·林表示聯(lián)合國(guó)必須清楚他們給予維和部隊(duì)的命令。維和部隊(duì)也許沒有得到授權(quán)或者保護(hù)所有平民的命令。當(dāng)人們希望得到保護(hù)時(shí)，軍隊(duì)并不能給他們提供保護(hù)，這是人們就會(huì)憤怒。在馬里、南蘇丹和剛果東部發(fā)生過這種情況。
Cooperation versus sovereignty
合作與主權(quán)
Some who talked with the researchers said the weak borders mean that UN operations should take place in several countries at one time. This creates a question of sovereignty, or the right of a country to control what happens in its borders.
有些與研究者進(jìn)行談話的人表示薄弱的邊界意味著聯(lián)合國(guó)的行動(dòng)應(yīng)該在多個(gè)國(guó)家同時(shí)開展。這就產(chǎn)生一個(gè)主權(quán)的問題，或者說一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)邊界線的控制權(quán)問題。
Mr. Van der Lijn thinks most countries will not agree to peacekeeping operations that cross national borders, because they do not want to give up their sovereignty. But, he says the UN should make plans for peace operations based on cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union and sub-regional organizations.
杰克·范德·林認(rèn)為多數(shù)國(guó)家不同意維和行動(dòng)跨越其國(guó)家邊界線，因?yàn)樗麄儾幌敕艞壸约旱闹鳈?quán)。但是他表示聯(lián)合國(guó)應(yīng)該基于聯(lián)合國(guó)與非洲聯(lián)盟和區(qū)域組織之間的合作制定維和行動(dòng)。
Paying for peacekeeping
維和部隊(duì)的費(fèi)用
The study found that there are also worries about the cost of peacekeeping. The countries that pay for it are mostly Western, industrialized countries. The countries that provide the troops are middle- and low-income states. They often complain about each other.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)還有對(duì)于維和部隊(duì)的費(fèi)用擔(dān)憂。支付維和部隊(duì)花費(fèi)的大多數(shù)是西方的工業(yè)化國(guó)家。而提供維和部隊(duì)的國(guó)家都是中低收入的國(guó)家。他們經(jīng)常相互抱怨。
Mr. Van der Lijn says over the last year payments to low-income countries providing soldiers has increased. This has helped the relationship, but it would also be good if those giving troops contributed money, and those giving money also sent troops. This exchange might help them understand each other better.
杰克·范德·林表示去年給低收入國(guó)家派出士兵報(bào)酬增加。這些做法緩和了雙方的關(guān)系，但是如果這些派出軍隊(duì)的國(guó)家能夠支付費(fèi)用，而那些給錢的國(guó)家也能派出軍隊(duì)的話，這樣更好。這樣的交換有助于他們更好地理解彼此。
There are 16 peace operations with 120,000 UN personnel around the world. Nine of them, with about 81,000 personnel members, are in sub-Saharan Africa.
世界各地有16支維和行動(dòng)小組，大約有12萬的維和人員。其中有9支維和部隊(duì)，大約8萬1千人在撒哈拉以南的非洲。
I'm Kelly Jean Kelly
我是凱利·簡(jiǎn)·凱利。
William Eagle reported an wrote this story for VOA News. Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this story for Learning English. Mario Ritter was the editor.
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Words in This Story
peacekeeping - n. the preserving of peace; especially international enforcement and supervision of an agreement to stop fighting
IED - n. an improvised explosive device (a simple bomb made and used by unofficial or unauthorized forces)
mandate - n. an official order to do something
sovereignty - n. a country's independent authority and the right to govern itself
Now it's your turn. What do you think of the report's findings? Are there peacekeeping operations in your country? Do you have suggestions for the UN panel?