大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程學(xué)生用書(shū) How Your Memory Works

[00:00.00] How Your Memory Works [00:04.49]In all human communication, [00:09.04]information is sent from one person's memory to another. [00:15.70]No matte how the message is sent, [00:20.24]it must arrive in a form that can be understood, [00:25.81]retained,and later recalled by the brain. [00:31.35]How do these memory processes function? [00:37.72]Before answering this question, [00:42.27]we need to consider the fact that there are two kinds of memory: [00:48.72]short-term and long-term memory. [00:53.37]Psychologists know a great deal about the former kind of memory, [01:00.53]but they know very little about the latter kind. [01:06.17]Your short-term memory [01:10.14]can hold only five to seven"bits"or items of information. [01:17.87]However,unless your repeat that information [01:23.30]to yourself over and over again,you will forget it in less than a minute. [01:30.85]This temporary memory is used when you try to remember a name [01:37.99]or telephone number that someone told you a moment ago. [01:43.84]Short-term memory [01:47.70]plays an important to test in thinking and understanding. [01:54.16]Many psychologists perform a classical experiment [02:00.11]to test the capacity of short-term memory. [02:05.96]Subjects sit in small booths,wear headphones, [02:11.92]and look at a small TV screen lighted in front of them. [02:18.16]A series fo numbers is flashed on the screen, [02:23.83]and the subjects and asked to identify a specific number [02:30.47]to the right of another number in the scries. [02:35.92]The psychologists discover that when the questions are asked [02:41.99]immediately after the number series is flashed off the screen, [02:48.54]the subjects can answer quite well; [02:53.40]the series is easily remembered as a "memory photograph." [03:00.24]If the questions are delayed even one half second,however, [03:07.40]memory photographs fade away and accuracy is lowered greatly. [03:14.95]The subjects also forget the series quickly [03:20.70]when any sort of interruption occurs [03:25.66]that blocks their search for a particular number. [03:31.20]In another interesting experiment to test short-term memory, [03:38.54]psychologists asked volunteers [03:44.00]to memorize a short list of numbers such as 2.4.7.8. [03:52.05]Subjects were then asked to decide quickly [03:57.69]whether a particular number-for example,7-was in the list. [04:04.53]The scientists discovered [04:08.27]that the subjects were able to search 25 to 30 memorized numbers per second, [04:16.50]and the tests also showed that [04:20.83]when the people mentally searched their memorized lists, [04:26.29]they would not stop as soon as they recogized a matching number such as 7, [04:33.14]but continued through the entire set. [04:38.10]Surprisingly,people need to mentally recite the entire memorized list; [04:46.46]it is a difficult to understand why people must continue searching [04:53.20]after they have discovered a matching number. [04:58.34]"A possible answer",the scientists explained, [05:03.67]"is that searcing through the whole list may actually go faster [05:09.92]than a search that stops part way through it." [05:15.17]In fact,when the psychologists used a different task [05:21.02]that required the subjects to stop searching [05:25.98]when they found the test number,their search became much slower. [05:32.51]Scientists are interested in finding out [05:37.76]how short-term memory becomes long-term memory. [05:44.71]They know that the process is influenced by age, [05:50.46]genetics,hormones and the environment. [05:55.71]Also,they know that the brain stores information [06:01.67]in various ways at different times. [06:06.92]The same event is organized and stored quite differently, [06:13.08]depending on whether a person is calm, [06:17.84]in panic,or somewhere in between. [06:22.98]Depressed persons can recall unpleasant memories quickly [06:29.64]because these memories are more meaningful to them; [06:35.18]that is,the memories are more directly associated [06:41.53]with people's unpleasant experiences. [06:47.17]The process of how memory photographs are stored [06:52.92]and later recalled still remains an unanswered question.

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