金融世界 第二十二講

金融世界 第二十二講
在這一講中我們要繼續(xù)向您介紹 World Trade Organisation, 世界貿易組織。
在以前的節(jié)目中我們?yōu)槟榻B過世界貿易組織的前身是 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 關稅及貿易總協(xié)定，英文簡稱是 GATT。它是在一九四七年由二十三個國家在日內瓦簽簽訂的，后來發(fā)展到有一百多個成員國。
澳洲廣播電臺金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克介紹了關貿總協(xié)成立后的幾個回合談判：
There were seven GATT negotiating rounds held throughout the 1950s, '60s and '70s, which helped free up international trade. But because of a revival of protectionism in the 1970s and '80s, problems began to develop.
The eighth and final GATT round, the Uruguay Round, took place against this background and in the more difficult international economic environment of the 1980s and '90s.
Many of the problems encountered during the Uruguay Round stemmed from an ambitious agenda, which sought to extend the GATT disciplines to areas such as trade in agricultural products and trade in services and intellectual property.
下面我們分段聽一遍巴里克拉克的這段談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
關貿總協(xié)在一九五十年代及六十和七十年代一共進行了七個回合的談判。這些談判有助于國際貿易的自由化。但是由于七十年代和八十年代保護主義重新抬頭，問題開始出現(xiàn)。
關貿總協(xié)的第八回合也是最后一個回合的談判，即烏拉圭回合談判，就是在這一背景下在一九八十年代和九十年代更為困難的國際經(jīng)濟環(huán)境中進行的。
烏拉圭回合談判中的許多問題都來自于雄心勃勃的談判議程。這項議程要把關貿總協(xié)的規(guī)則延伸到農產品貿易、服務業(yè)及知識產權的貿易領域中。
下面我們把巴里克拉克的這段談話的原文連起來聽一遍。(略)
澳大利亞莫納什大學亞太經(jīng)合組織研究中心主任艾倫奧克斯利對烏拉圭回合貿易談判作了進一步的介紹。他說：
It greatly expanded the scope of the GATT. In the past, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had focused exclusively on world trade in goods. The Uruguay Round greatly extended the ambit of the coverage to include a new set of issues, services, and it brought intellectual property in.
A third, technical change is that it significantly expanded the completeness of the coverage of the GATT trade rules. There were new disciplines introduced on subsidies. So in fact by the time that round had finished, there was a more complete application of the principles of trade in goods which the original GATT had been designed to cover.
下面我們分段聽一遍艾倫奧克斯利的談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
這輪談判大大擴展了關貿總協(xié)的范圍，而過去關貿總協(xié)只專注于世界的貨物貿易。同時烏拉圭回合談判也大大擴展了關貿總協(xié)涉及領域的界線，使它包括了一系列新的方面和服務行業(yè)，也包括了知識產權問題。
第三個也是技術性的變化是這輪談判顯著加強了關貿總協(xié)有關貿易規(guī)定的完整性，就(政府為某些生產部門提供的)補貼問題制定了新的規(guī)則。實際上在這輪談判結束時，商品貿易的準則已經(jīng)得到更完全的實施，而這也正是最初簽訂關貿總協(xié)定的目的。
下面我們再聽一遍澳大利亞墨爾本莫納什大學亞太經(jīng)合組織研究中心主任艾倫奧克斯利這段談話的原文。(英文略)
一九九三年，經(jīng)過七年的磋商，烏拉圭回合談判宣告結束。一百一十七個成員國共同作出決定，要擴大關貿總協(xié)的規(guī)模，成立一個新的組織，也就是世界貿易組織 World Trade Organisation，簡稱WTO。
澳大利亞莫納什大學的里查德斯納普教授指出了世貿組織與它的前身關貿總協(xié)的不同之處：
One very big change is in the dispute settlement arrangements under the WTO, which are rather different from those under the GATT.
Previously if there was a dispute, there'd be a panel which would look at a dispute, and then the panel's report would come to the general body. And the report could only be accepted by consensus. So that that meant that the guilty party, if you like to use that temp3, could obstruct the acceptance of it.
What occurred in the Uruguay Round was a turning around of this, so the panel's report in examining a case can now only be rejected by consensus, which is a dramatic change and has given the dispute settlement procedure very strong teeth.
下面我們分段聽一遍斯納普教授的談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
一個很大的變化就是世貿組織解決爭議的安排與原來的關貿總協(xié)大不相同。
過去如果發(fā)生了爭執(zhí)，一個專門的小組會對爭議進行調查，然后向最高機構提出報告。這一報告只有在全體成員一致同意的情況下才能獲得接受。這就意味著違規(guī)的一方能夠阻止(關貿總協(xié))接受這一報告。
烏拉圭回合談判改變了這一點，使調查某一貿易爭議的專門小組的報告現(xiàn)在只能被一致意見所推翻。這是一個極其顯著的變化，它賦予解決爭執(zhí)的程序強有力的手段。
下面我們再把澳大利亞莫納什大學斯納普教授的談話原文連起來聽一遍。(略)
在結束這一講之前，我們把澳廣金融節(jié)目主持人巴里克拉克、澳大利亞莫納什大學亞太經(jīng)合組織研究中心主任艾倫奧克斯利以及莫納什大學斯納普教授的這三段有關世貿組織及其前身關貿總協(xié)定的談話再連起來聽一遍。(略)