金融世界 第十九講

金融世界 第十九講
在上一講中我們談的話題是：globalisation-經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化。
澳大利亞墨爾本莫納什大學(xué)的市場(chǎng)學(xué)系主任菲茨羅伊教授介紹說，通訊和交通運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的降低是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程的兩個(gè)因素。
接下來菲茨羅伊教授介紹說，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大和顧客品味趨于一致也是推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的原因。他在談話中使用了這樣一些詞匯：
1 economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)
2 homogeneity 同種，同一
3 cater to the need of 迎合...的需要
4 barrier 障礙
5 GATT 關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 的縮寫
6 World Trade Organisation 世界貿(mào)易組織，簡(jiǎn)稱WTO
7 trade liberalisation 貿(mào)易自由化
現(xiàn)在我們聽一遍菲茨羅伊教授的這段談話：
It is true in lots of industries, large plants can make goods much cheaper than small plants. And in some industries we can see a movement towards increasing economies of scale. In other words, the minimum size of plant or the most economic size of plant is getting larger and larger.
Another necessary condition for globalisation is the increasing homogeneity of consumer tastes. There are an increasing number of consumers in Brazil; who have almost precisely the same set of needs and requirements as consumers in Gemp3any. So consequently it becomes easier for a producer to try to cater to the needs of both markets, because the market differences have now really diminished to a point where they virtually don't exist.
Another explanation for globalisation is the behaviour of governments. Historically, there have been barriers to trade that have been put up by governments. Particularly since the Second World War, inter-government bodies such as the GATT and the World Trade Organisation have really encouraged governments to liberalise trade, which means to remove political barriers, so that trade liberalisation has been again an important necessary condition for globalisation.
接下來我們分段聽一遍菲茨羅伊教授的談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
的確在很多行業(yè)中，大工廠能夠以比小工廠低得多的成本生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。在有些行業(yè)中我們可以看到“規(guī) 模 經(jīng) 濟(jì)”不斷增加的趨勢(shì)。換句話說，就是工廠的最小規(guī)?；蛘哒f工廠的最經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)模變得越來越大。
全球化的另一必要條件是顧客的品味日益趨于一致。在巴西有越來多的顧客，他們的需要和要求與德國(guó)顧客的幾乎完全一樣。這種趨勢(shì)使生產(chǎn)者能更容易地迎合兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)的需要，因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)的差別現(xiàn)在實(shí)際上已縮小到幾乎不存在的程度。
促進(jìn)全球化的另一原因是政府的行為。歷史上各國(guó)政府曾設(shè)置貿(mào)易障礙。但是從二次大戰(zhàn)以來，各種政府間的組織如關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定和世界貿(mào)易組織實(shí)際上一直鼓勵(lì)各國(guó)政府允許貿(mào)易自由化，也就是消除政治障礙。因此貿(mào)易自由化也是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的一個(gè)必要的條件。
下面我們把菲茨羅伊教授的這段談話連起來聽一遍。(略)
在上一講和這一講中，澳大利亞墨爾本莫納什大學(xué)市場(chǎng)學(xué)系主任菲茨羅伊教授介紹說，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的因素有：
1 the fall in the cost of communications and transportation，通訊和交通費(fèi)用的降低;
2 the increasing economies of scale，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大;
3 the homogeneity of consumer tastes，顧客品味的趨于一致;
4 the governments' efforts in pursuing trade liberalisation，政府作出的貿(mào)易自由化努力等等。
莫納什大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)副教授特雷西補(bǔ)充說，multinational corporations，跨國(guó)公司的發(fā)展也是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的因素之一。
First of all, by multinational enterprises I mean those fimp3s that produce and market their products in two or more countries. Now those sort of companies dominate in the more capital intensive industries such as automobiles, consumer electronics, chemicals, phamp3aceuticals and so on.
I see multinationals as one of the main agents through which globalisation takes place. They certainly play a major role in the movement of capital world-wide. We see that foreign direct investment has been growing roughly three times as fast as total investment.
Having said that, few fimp3s are really truly global. Most fimp3s still remain fimp3ly rooted in their domestic economies, although the number of those truly global fimp3s is certainly increasing.
特雷西副教授的談話中出現(xiàn)了這樣一些詞匯：
1 multinational enterprises 跨國(guó)公司，多國(guó)企業(yè)
2 dominate 支配，控制
3 capital intensive industries 資本密集產(chǎn)業(yè)
4 agent 中介，媒介
5 movement of capital 資本流動(dòng)
下面我們分段聽一遍特雷西副教授的談話和中文翻譯：(英文略)
跨國(guó)公司指的是在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家生產(chǎn)和銷售它們產(chǎn)品的公司?，F(xiàn)在這類公司在資本密集產(chǎn)業(yè)中占了統(tǒng)治地位，如汽車、民用電子、化工和制藥行業(yè)等等。
我認(rèn)為跨國(guó)公司是形成全球化進(jìn)程的主要中介之一。它們?cè)谫Y本全球流動(dòng)方面扮演著重要角色。我們看到外國(guó)直接投資的增長(zhǎng)速度大約是總投資額增長(zhǎng)速度的三倍。
不過，盡管真正全球性公司的數(shù)目在不斷增加，并沒有多少公司是真正的全球性跨國(guó)公司。大多數(shù)的公司還都深深扎根于自己國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中。
我們現(xiàn)在把特雷西副教授的這段談話再聽一遍。(略)
在結(jié)束這一講之前我們?cè)購(gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍遇到的一些詞匯：
1 economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)
2 homogeneity 同種，同一
3 cater to the need of 迎合...的需要
4 barrier 障礙
5 trade liberalisation 貿(mào)易自由化
6 multinational enterprises 跨國(guó)公司，多國(guó)企業(yè)
7 dominate 支配，控制
8 capital intensive industries 資本密集產(chǎn)業(yè)
9 agent 中介，動(dòng)力
10 movement of capital 資本流動(dòng)
這一講由澳洲廣播電臺(tái)中文部為您制作的金融世界節(jié)目到這里就結(jié)束了。