職場(chǎng)性別歧視遠(yuǎn)未結(jié)束

What is holding women back in the workplace? If you ask Kevin Roberts, the outgoing Saatchi & Saatchi chairman, the problem is women themselves. “Their ambition is not a vertical ambition, it’s this intrinsic, circular ambition to be happy,” he said last week in an interview with Business Insider. A few days later, having been suspended by parent company Publicis, he admitted that he had “failed exceptionally fast” and announced he would resign.

職場(chǎng)中有哪些因素阻礙著女性發(fā)展?如果你問(wèn)盛世長(zhǎng)城(Saatchi & Saatchi)即將離任的董事長(zhǎng)凱文•羅伯茨(Kevin Roberts)，他會(huì)回答問(wèn)題在于女性本身。“她們的抱負(fù)不是縱向抱負(fù)，而是貪圖快樂(lè)的那種內(nèi)在、繞圈的追求，”他在近期接受《商業(yè)內(nèi)幕》(Business Insider)采訪時(shí)表示。幾天后，被母公司法國(guó)陽(yáng)獅集團(tuán)(Publicis)停職的他承認(rèn)自己“失敗得太快”，并宣布將辭職。

It is superficially appealing to cast Mr Roberts as the victim of a feminist witch hunt. Surely he is a martyr who dared to speak the truth: that for many women it is the desire to have a work-life balance, rather than discrimination, that stops them reaching the top of their industry.

從表面來(lái)看，人們很容易把羅伯茨當(dāng)作女權(quán)主義政治迫害的受害者。難道他不是一位敢于說(shuō)實(shí)話的烈士嗎：對(duì)很多女性來(lái)說(shuō)，難道不是她們對(duì)工作/生活平衡的渴望(而不是性別歧視)阻礙著她們攀登事業(yè)巔峰?

But his comments went far beyond that. He denied that gender inequality was a problem at all — “the f***ing debate is all over” — and accused British advertising consultant Cindy Gallop of lying about sexual harassment in the industry. “I think she’s got problems that are of her own making,” he claimed. “I think she’s making up a lot of the stuff to create a profile, and to take applause.”

但是他的言論遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了這個(gè)范疇。他從根本上否認(rèn)性別不平等是一個(gè)問(wèn)題——“這場(chǎng)該死的辯論已經(jīng)結(jié)束”——并指責(zé)英國(guó)廣告業(yè)咨詢顧問(wèn)辛迪•蓋洛普(Cindy Gallop)在該行業(yè)性騷擾問(wèn)題上撒謊。“我覺(jué)得她的問(wèn)題都是她自己搞出來(lái)的，”他聲稱(chēng)，“我覺(jué)得她編造了很多內(nèi)容來(lái)建立一個(gè)形象，并得到掌聲。”

Under such circumstances, it is unsurprising that Publicis moved against him: an advertising firm should know a bad advert for its business when it sees one. Sadiq Khan, mayor or London, has banned “body shaming” posters on the capital’s transport system; Unilever has pledged to spend its £6.3bn annual marketing budget on ads that smash female stereotypes. Sex might still sell but sexism is out of fashion.

在這種環(huán)境下，陽(yáng)獅倒戈羅伯茨也是意料之中的：廣告公司應(yīng)該一眼看出對(duì)自身業(yè)務(wù)不利的廣告。倫敦市長(zhǎng)薩迪克•汗(Sadiq Khan)禁止在首都的交通系統(tǒng)內(nèi)張貼“體形歧視”海報(bào);聯(lián)合利華(Unilever)承諾將該公司63億英鎊的年度營(yíng)銷(xiāo)預(yù)算用于打破女性刻板印象的廣告。性可能還有市場(chǎng)，但是性別歧視已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了。

For outsiders, however, an honest conversation is always more useful than knee-jerk condemnation. Mr Roberts’ comments are a reminder of three roadblocks on the path to gender equality at work: outdated attitudes; unhelpful structures; and a lack of data — a result of the casual dismissal of women’s experiences.

然而，在外人看來(lái)，坦誠(chéng)對(duì)話總是比條件反射般的譴責(zé)來(lái)得更實(shí)在。羅伯茨的言論提醒了人們，在通往職場(chǎng)性別平等的道路上有3個(gè)障礙：過(guò)時(shí)的態(tài)度、無(wú)益的結(jié)構(gòu)、以及缺乏數(shù)據(jù)——隨意忽視女性經(jīng)歷的結(jié)果。

First, it is time to overhaul our idea of a perfect employee. There is little evidence to support the assumption that macho work­aholics are the most valuable people in a company. Second, we have to smash the artificial division between a woman’s choice to opt out of the rat race and “real” discrimination. Our decisions are shaped by the unequal structures of the working environment.

首先，是時(shí)候徹底反思我們對(duì)完美員工的想法了。幾乎沒(méi)有證據(jù)支持男性工作狂是公司最具價(jià)值員工的假設(shè)。其次，我們必須打破女性選擇退出職場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與“真正的”歧視之間的人為劃分。我們的決定是由工作環(huán)境中的不平等結(jié)構(gòu)造成的。

Once a woman has taken time off work for childbirth and breastfeeding, a pattern is created where she is seen as the “primary” parent. Many hoped the introduction of shared parental leave would change that; but so far UK take-up rates have been very low. (Unlike the Scandinavian model, there is no portion which can only be taken by fathers.)

一旦女性為生育和哺乳請(qǐng)假，便會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種模式——人們會(huì)認(rèn)為她的“首要職責(zé)”是母親。很多人曾希望引入共享產(chǎn)假政策會(huì)改變這一點(diǎn)，但是迄今為止英國(guó)的接受度仍然非常低。(與北歐模式不同，英國(guó)沒(méi)有只允許父親申請(qǐng)的產(chǎn)假)。

The “maternity gap” is the most fundamental structural problem preventing gender equality in the workplace. Among full-time British workers aged 22-29, women earn more than men. At the age where women can work as flexibly, and put in the same long hours as their male peers, they do not fall behind. The pay gap opens up when children arrive — and then never closes again.

“生育差距”是阻礙職場(chǎng)性別平等最根本的結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題。年齡在22-29歲的英國(guó)全職員工中，女性的收入超過(guò)男性。在女性可以彈性工作、和男性一樣投入長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作的年齡段，她們并不落后。男女之間的收入差距是在子女出生時(shí)拉開(kāi)，之后再也無(wú)法縮小。

Very few firms “enhance” statutory paternity pay, so men are understandably reluctant to take the drop in status and income that staying at home entails. There is a very good reason for a woman to return to work after having a baby: an income of her own and the independence that brings. Where is the matching incentive for men to undertake more unpaid caring labour that takes them out of the workplace? Encouraging men to take shared parental leave, to work part time, or even to leave at 6pm to read a bedtime story, would help.

很少會(huì)有公司“補(bǔ)充”休陪產(chǎn)假的男性的法定收入，因此男性自然不愿接受在家當(dāng)奶爸所伴隨的地位下降和收入下滑。對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)，她們有很好的理由在生完孩子后恢復(fù)工作：屬于自己的收入及其帶來(lái)的獨(dú)立性。對(duì)男性來(lái)說(shuō)，離開(kāi)工作場(chǎng)所、承擔(dān)更多無(wú)償護(hù)理的任務(wù)有什么對(duì)應(yīng)的激勵(lì)嗎?鼓勵(lì)男性申請(qǐng)共享產(chǎn)假、做兼職、甚至6點(diǎn)下班回家給孩子講睡前故事，會(huì)有所幫助。

Finally, we must listen when women talk about the experiences that have held them back. Overt discrimination of the “dumb blondes can’t fly planes” school is diminishing, but sexual harassment at work is widespread. It is not something women make up “to create a profile”. A glance around boardrooms and corner offices shows there is no monstrous regiment of women borne to the top on a wave of allegations against colleagues. Like other whistleblowers, women who accuse their bosses of sexual harassment often end up sidelined or forced out while the accused is protected. Gretchen Carlson, the US television presenter, was initially painted as a washed-up gold-digger when she filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Roger Ailes, the Fox News boss. Then the dam burst: another 20 women came forward with similar accusations. Mr Ailes, who denies the claims, soon left the company, with a $40m exit package.

最后，我們必須傾聽(tīng)女性談?wù)撍齻兪艿阶璧K的經(jīng)歷。“愚蠢的金發(fā)美女開(kāi)不了飛機(jī)”之類(lèi)的公然歧視正在減少，但是職場(chǎng)性騷擾普遍存在。這并不是女性為“樹(shù)立形象”而編造的。只要看看董事會(huì)和辦公室就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，沒(méi)有多少女性是因?yàn)橹缚赝露M(jìn)入高層的。像其他告發(fā)者一樣，指控老板性騷擾的女員工往往會(huì)被排擠或逼走，而被控的一方則會(huì)受到保護(hù)。當(dāng)美國(guó)電視主持人格蕾琴•卡爾森(Gretchen Carlson)發(fā)起針對(duì)?？怂剐侣?Fox News)老板羅杰•艾爾斯(Roger Ailes)的性騷擾訴訟時(shí)，她最初被描述為拜金女。之后真相有如決堤一般：另外20位女性站出來(lái)做出了類(lèi)似指控。否認(rèn)這些指控艾爾斯很快離開(kāi)了公司，帶著4000萬(wàn)美元的補(bǔ)償。

None of this is a reason for despair, particularly since bright minds in business and academia are focused on the problem. Sometimes the suggested solutions are small: Anne-Marie Slaughter’s Unfinished Business warns against “halo dad” syndrome, where fathers are praised for simple childcare tasks in a way that reinforces assumptions that men are useless at taking care of others.

這些都不是絕望的理由，特別是因?yàn)樯探绾蛯W(xué)術(shù)界的聰明人正在關(guān)注這個(gè)問(wèn)題。有時(shí)解決建議是細(xì)枝末節(jié)的：安妮-瑪麗•斯勞特(Anne-Marie Slaughter)在其著作《未竟之業(yè)》(Unfinished Business)中對(duì)“帶光環(huán)的老爹”綜合癥——父親會(huì)因?yàn)檎疹櫤⒆拥暮?jiǎn)單工作而受到表?yè)P(yáng)，這強(qiáng)化了男性不會(huì)照顧他人的假設(shè)——提出警告。

What Works by Professor Iris Bohnet of Harvard University offers practical suggestions for reducing bias in hiring, pointing out, for example, that blind auditions increased the number of female musicians in orchestras.

哈佛大學(xué)(Harvard University)的教授艾里斯•博內(nèi)特(Iris Bohnet)所著的《What Works》提供了在招聘中減少偏見(jiàn)的實(shí)用建議。例如，盲選可以增加管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)中女性音樂(lè)家的數(shù)量。

Gender inequality at work is a big challenge but not insoluble. And as more researchers come up with hard data, and more women feel able to speak about their experiences, the debate is far from “all over”. In fact, it is just getting interesting.

職場(chǎng)的性別不平等問(wèn)題是一項(xiàng)巨大挑戰(zhàn)，但并非不能解決。隨著越來(lái)越多的研究員得出確切的數(shù)據(jù)、越來(lái)越多的女性認(rèn)為可以說(shuō)出自己的經(jīng)歷，這場(chǎng)辯論還遠(yuǎn)非“結(jié)束”。實(shí)際上，它正變得有點(diǎn)意思。