肯尼迪于1963年在美國(guó)大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

肯尼迪于1963年在美國(guó)大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講 英文版

delivered 10 June 1963

President Anderson, members of the faculty, board of trustees, distinguished guests, my old colleague, Senator Bob Byrd, who has earned his degree through many years of attending night law school, while I am earning mine in the next 30 minutes, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:

It is with great pride that I participate in this ceremony of the American University, sponsored by the Methodist Church, founded by Bishop John Fletcher Hurst, and first opened by President Woodrow Wilson in 1914. This is a young and growing university, but it has already fulfilled Bishop Hurst's enlightened hope for the study of history and public affairs in a city devoted to the making of history and to the conduct of the public's business. By sponsoring this institution of higher learning for all who wish to learn, whatever their color or their creed, the Methodists of this area and the Nation deserve the Nation's thanks, and I commend all those who are today graduating.

Professor Woodrow Wilson once said that every man sent out from a university should be a man of his nation as well as a man of his time, and I am confident that the men and women who carry the honor of graduating from this institution will continue to give from their lives, from their talents, a high measure of public service and public support.

"There are few earthly things more beautiful than a university," wrote John Masefield in his tribute to English universities—and his words are equally true today. He did not refer to towers or to campuses. He admired the splendid beauty of a university, because it was, he said, "a place where those who hate ignorance may strive to know, where those who perceive truth may strive to make others see."

I have, therefore, chosen this time and place to discuss a topic on which ignorance too often abounds and the truth too rarely perceived. And that is the most important topic on earth: peace.

What kind of peace do I mean and what kind of a peace do we seek? Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war. Not the peace of the grave or the security of the slave. I am talking about genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living, and the kind that enables men and nations to grow, and to hope, and build a better life for their children—not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women, not merely peace in our time but peace in all time.

I speak of peace because of the new face of war. Total war makes no sense in an age where great powers can maintain large and relatively invulnerable nuclear forces and refuse to surrender without resort to those forces. It makes no sense in an age where a single nuclear weapon contains almost ten times the explosive force delivered by all the allied air forces in the Second World War. It makes no sense in an age when the deadly poisons produced by a nuclear exchange would be carried by wind and water and soil and seed to the far corners of the globe and to generations yet unborn.

Today the expenditure of billions of dollars every year on weapons acquired for the purpose of making sure we never need them is essential to the keeping of peace. But surely the acquisition of such idle stockpiles—which can only destroy and never create—is not the only, much less the most efficient, means of assuring peace.

I speak of peace, therefore, as the necessary, rational end of rational men. I realize the pursuit of peace is not as dramatic as the pursuit of war, and frequently the words of the pursuers fall on deaf ears. But we have no more urgent task.

Some say that it is useless to speak of peace or world law or world disarmament, and that it will be useless until the leaders of the Soviet Union adopt a more enlightened attitude. I hope they do. I believe we can help them do it. But I also believe that we must reexamine our own attitudes, as individuals and as a Nation, for our attitude is as essential as theirs. And every graduate of this school, every thoughtful citizen who despairs of war and wishes to bring peace, should begin by looking inward, by examining his own attitude towards the possibilities of peace, towards the Soviet Union, towards the course of the cold war and towards freedom and peace here at home.

First examine our attitude towards peace itself. Too many of us think it is impossible. Too many think it is unreal. But that is a dangerous, defeatist belief. It leads to the conclusion that war is inevitable, that mankind is doomed, that we are gripped by forces we cannot control.

We need not accept that view. Our problems are manmade; therefore, they can be solved by man. And man can be as big as he wants. No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings. Man's reason and spirit have often solved the seemingly unsolvable, and we believe they can do it again.

I am not referring to the absolute, infinite concept of universal peace and good will of which some fantasies and fanatics dream. I do not deny the value of hopes and dreams but we merely invite discouragement and incredulity by making that our only and immediate goal.

Let us focus instead on a more practical, more attainable peace, based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions—on a series of concrete actions and effective agreements which are in the interest of all concerned. There is no single, simple key to this peace; no grand or magic formula to be adopted by one or two powers. Genuine peace must be the product of many nations, the sum of many acts. It must be dynamic, not static, changing to meet the challenge of each new generation. For peace is a process—a way of solving problems.

With such a peace, there will still be quarrels and conflicting interests, as there are within families and nations. World peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor, it requires only that they live together in mutual tolerance, submitting their disputes to a just and peaceful settlement. And history teaches us that enmities between nations, as between individuals, do not last forever. However fixed our likes and dislikes may seem, the tide of time and events will often bring surprising changes in the relations between nations and neighbors. So let us persevere. Peace need not be impracticable, and war need not be inevitable. By defining our goal more clearly, by making it seem more manageable and less remote, we can help all people to see it, to draw hope from it, and to move irresistibly towards it.

And second, let us reexamine our attitude towards the Soviet Union. It is discouraging to think that their leaders may actually believe what their propagandists write. It is discouraging to read a recent, authoritative Soviet text on military strategy and find, on page after page, wholly baseless and incredible claims, such as the allegation that American imperialist circles are preparing to unleash different types of war, that there is a very real threat of a preventive war being unleashed by American imperialists against the Soviet Union, and that the political aims—and I quote—"of the American imperialists are to enslave economically and politically the European and other capitalist countries and to achieve world domination by means of aggressive war."

Truly, as it was written long ago: "The wicked flee when no man pursueth."

Yet it is sad to read these Soviet statements, to realize the extent of the gulf between us. But it is also a warning, a warning to the American people not to fall into the same trap as the Soviets, not to see only a distorted and desperate view of the other side, not to see conflict as inevitable, accommodation as impossible, and communication as nothing more than an exchange of threats.

No government or social system is so evil that its people must be considered as lacking in virtue. As Americans, we find communism profoundly repugnant as a negation of personal freedom and dignity. But we can still hail the Russian people for their many achievements in science and space, in economic and industrial growth, in culture, in acts of courage.

Among the many traits the peoples of our two countries have in common, none is stronger than our mutual abhorrence of war. Almost unique among the major world powers, we have never been at war with each other. And no nation in the history of battle ever suffered more than the Soviet Union in the Second World War. At least 20 million lost their lives. Countless millions of homes and families were burned or sacked. A third of the nation's territory, including two thirds of its industrial base, was turned into a wasteland—a loss equivalent to the destruction of this country east of Chicago.

Today, should total war ever break out again—no matter how—our two countries will be the primary target. It is an ironic but accurate fact that the two strongest powers are the two in the most danger of devastation. All we have built, all we have worked for, would be destroyed in the first 24 hours. And even in the cold war, which brings burdens and dangers to so many countries, including this Nation's closest allies, our two countries bear the heaviest burdens. For we are both devoting massive sums of money to weapons that could be better devoted to combat ignorance, poverty, and disease. We are both caught up in a vicious and dangerous cycle, with suspicion on one side breeding suspicion on the other, and new weapons begetting counter-weapons.

In short, both the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, have a mutually deep interest in a just and genuine peace and in halting the arms race. Agreements to this end are in the interests of the Soviet Union as well as ours. And even the most hostile nations can be relied upon to accept and keep those treaty obligations, and only those treaty obligations, which are in their own interest.

So let us not be blind to our differences, but let us also direct attention to our common interests and the means by which those differences can be resolved. And if we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's futures. And we are all mortal.

Third, let us reexamine our attitude towards the cold war, remembering we're not engaged in a debate, seeking to pile up debating points. We are not here distributing blame or pointing the finger of judgment. We must deal with the world as it is, and not as it might have been had the history of the last 18 years been different.

We must, therefore, persevere in the search for peace in the hope that constructive changes within the Communist bloc might bring within reach solutions which now seem beyond us. We must conduct our affairs in such a way that it becomes in the Communists' interest to agree on a genuine peace. And above all, while defending our own vital interests, nuclear powers must avert those confrontations which bring an adversary to a choice of either a humiliating retreat or a nuclear war. To adopt that kind of course in the nuclear age would be evidence only of the bankruptcy of our policy—or of a collective death-wish for the world.

To secure these ends, America's weapons are nonprovocative, carefully controlled, designed to deter, and capable of selective use. Our military forces are committed to peace and disciplined in self-restraint. Our diplomats are instructed to avoid unnecessary irritants and purely rhetorical hostility.

For we can seek a relaxation of tensions without relaxing our guard. And, for our part, we do not need to use threats to prove we are resolute. We do not need to jam foreign broadcasts out of fear our faith will be eroded. We are unwilling to impose our system on any unwilling people, but we are willing and able to engage in peaceful competition with any people on earth.

Meanwhile, we seek to strengthen the United Nations, to help solve its financial problems, to make it a more effective instrument for peace, to develop it into a genuine world security system—a system capable of resolving disputes on the basis of law, of insuring the security of the large and the small, and of creating conditions under which arms can finally be abolished.

At the same time we seek to keep peace inside the non-Communist world, where many nations, all of them our friends, are divided over issues which weaken Western unity, which invite Communist intervention, or which threaten to erupt into war. Our efforts in West New Guinea, in the Congo, in the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent, have been persistent and patient despite criticism from both sides. We have also tried to set an example for others, by seeking to adjust small but significant differences with our own closest neighbors in Mexico and Canada.

Speaking of other nations, I wish to make one point clear. We are bound to many nations by alliances. Those alliances exist because our concern and theirs substantially overlap. Our commitment to defend Western Europe and West Berlin, for example, stands undiminished because of the identity of our vital interests. The United States will make no deal with the Soviet Union at the expense of other nations and other peoples, not merely because they are our partners, but also because their interests and ours converge. Our interests converge, however, not only in defending the frontiers of freedom, but in pursuing the paths of peace.

It is our hope, and the purpose of allied policy, to convince the Soviet Union that she, too, should let each nation choose its own future, so long as that choice does not interfere with the choices of others. The Communist drive to impose their political and economic system on others is the primary cause of world tension today. For there can be no doubt that if all nations could refrain from interfering in the self-determination of others, the peace would be much more assured.

This will require a new effort to achieve world law, a new context for world discussions. It will require increased understanding between the Soviets and ourselves. And increased understanding will require increased contact and communication. One step in this direction is the proposed arrangement for a direct line between Moscow and Washington, to avoid on each side the dangerous delays, misunderstandings, and misreadings of others' actions which might occur at a time of crisis.

We have also been talking in Geneva about our first-step measures of arm[s] controls designed to limit the intensity of the arms race and reduce the risk of accidental war. Our primary long range interest in Geneva, however, is general and complete disarmament, designed to take place by stages, permitting parallel political developments to build the new institutions of peace which would take the place of arms. The pursuit of disarmament has been an effort of this Government since the 1920's. It has been urgently sought by the past three administrations. And however dim the prospects are today, we intend to continue this effort—to continue it in order that all countries, including our own, can better grasp what the problems and possibilities of disarmament are.

The only major area of these negotiations where the end is in sight, yet where a fresh start is badly needed, is in a treaty to outlaw nuclear tests. The conclusion of such a treaty, so near and yet so far, would check the spiraling arms race in one of its most dangerous areas. It would place the nuclear powers in a position to deal more effectively with one of the greatest hazards which man faces in 1963, the further spread of nuclear arms. It would increase our security; it would decrease the prospects of war. Surely this goal is sufficiently important to require our steady pursuit, yielding neither to the temptation to give up the whole effort nor the temptation to give up our insistence on vital and responsible safeguards.

I'm taking this opportunity, therefore, to announce two important decisions in this regard.

First, Chairman Khrushchev, Prime Minister Macmillan, and I have agreed that high-level discussions will shortly begin in Moscow looking towards early agreement on a comprehensive test ban treaty. Our hope must be tempered—Our hopes must be tempered with the caution of history; but with our hopes go the hopes of all mankind.

Second, to make clear our good faith and solemn convictions on this matter, I now declare that the United States does not propose to conduct nuclear tests in the atmosphere so long as other states do not do so. We will not—We will not be the first to resume. Such a declaration is no substitute for a formal binding treaty, but I hope it will help us achieve one. Nor would such a treaty be a substitute for disarmament, but I hope it will help us achieve it.

Finally, my fellow Americans, let us examine our attitude towards peace and freedom here at home. The quality and spirit of our own society must justify and support our efforts abroad. We must show it in the dedication of our own lives—as many of you who are graduating today will have an opportunity to do, by serving without pay in the Peace Corps abroad or in the proposed National Service Corps here at home.

But wherever we are, we must all, in our daily lives, live up to the age-old faith that peace and freedom walk together.In too many of our cities today, the peace is not secure because freedom is incomplete.

It is the responsibility of the executive branch at all levels of government—local, State, and National—to provide and protect that freedom for all of our citizens by all means within our authority.It is the responsibility of the legislative branch at all levels, wherever the authority is not now adequate, to make it adequate. And it is the responsibility of all citizens in all sections of this country to respect the rights of others and respect the law of the land.

All this—All this is not unrelated to world peace. "When a man's way please the Lord," the Scriptures tell us, "He maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him." And is not peace, in the last analysis, basically a matter of human rights: the right to live out our lives without fear of devastation; the right to breathe air as nature provided it; the right of future generations to a healthy existence?

While we proceed to safeguard our national interests, let us also safeguard human interests. And the elimination of war and arms is clearly in the interest of both. No treaty, however much it may be to the advantage of all, however tightly it may be worded, can provide absolute security against the risks of deception and evasion. But it can, if it is sufficiently effective in its enforcement, and it is sufficiently in the interests of its signers, offer far more security and far fewer risks than an unabated, uncontrolled, unpredictable arms race.

The United States, as the world knows, will never start a war. We do not want a war. We do not now expect a war. This generation of Americans has already had enough—more than enough—of war and hate and oppression.

We shall be prepared if others wish it. We shall be alert to try to stop it. But we shall also do our part to build a world of peace where the weak are safe and the strong are just. We are not helpless before that task or hopeless of its success. Confident and unafraid, we must labor on—not towards a strategy of annihilation but towards a strategy of peace.

肯尼迪于1963年在美國(guó)大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講 中文版

1963年6月10日

安德森校長(zhǎng)、員工們、董事會(huì)、我的老同事鮑勃·伯德參議員(伯德參議員上了多年法律夜校才取得學(xué)位，而我將在隨后的30分鐘取得學(xué)位)、貴賓們、女士們、先生們：

我為出席這次典禮而感到非常自豪。美國(guó)大學(xué)是衛(wèi)理公會(huì)贊助、約翰·弗萊徹·赫斯特主教創(chuàng)辦、伍德羅·威爾遜總統(tǒng)于1914年揭幕的學(xué)校。這是一所正在成長(zhǎng)的年輕大學(xué)，卻已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了赫斯特主教的開明夙愿，即在致力于創(chuàng)造歷史和處理公共事務(wù)的城市研究歷史和公共事務(wù)。本地和全國(guó)的衛(wèi)理公會(huì)派信徒們?yōu)樗杏兄緦W(xué)習(xí)者贊助了這所高等學(xué)府，不論其膚色和信仰，他們?yōu)榇藨?yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫絿?guó)家的感謝。我向今天畢業(yè)的全體學(xué)生表示祝賀。

伍德羅·威爾遜教授曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過，大學(xué)送出的每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)是國(guó)家的人，也應(yīng)當(dāng)是其時(shí)代的人。我相信，從這所學(xué)府光榮畢業(yè)的男生和女生會(huì)繼續(xù)奉獻(xiàn)其年華和才智，努力服務(wù)和扶助大眾。

約翰·梅斯菲爾德在其對(duì)英國(guó)大學(xué)的贊美之辭中寫道：“塵世間很少有事物能與大學(xué)媲美。”他的話在今天同樣千真萬(wàn)確。他指的不是高聳的塔尖和雄偉的大廈，也不是綠樹成蔭的校園和攀滿藤蔓的墻壁。他說(shuō)，他贊賞大學(xué)的輝煌之美是因?yàn)?ldquo;在這里，憎恨無(wú)知者可孜孜求學(xué)，諳悉真理者可解惑于人”。

因此，我選擇此時(shí)此地來(lái)討論一個(gè)話題。關(guān)于此話題，常常是無(wú)知者多而識(shí)真理者寡，但這恰恰是世上最重要的話題，這就是世界和平。

那么我指的是哪種和平呢?我們尋求的是哪種和平呢?不是靠美國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)武器強(qiáng)加給世界的美式和平，也不是墳?zāi)拱愕钠届o或奴隸式的安全。我所說(shuō)的是名副其實(shí)的和平，是那種使世人生活有意義的和平，是那種讓人類和國(guó)家能夠興旺發(fā)達(dá)和充滿希望并且能夠?yàn)槠渥訉O創(chuàng)造更美好生活的和平。這不僅是美國(guó)人的和平，而是全人類的和平;不僅是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的和平，而是永世的和平。

我之所以談到和平，是因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)有了新面孔。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)毫無(wú)意義，因?yàn)槭澜鐝?qiáng)國(guó)能夠保有龐大且相對(duì)牢不可破的核力量，并且拒絕對(duì)投降者訴諸核力量。因?yàn)橐患宋淦鞯谋缀?0倍于二戰(zhàn)期間所有盟國(guó)空軍所投放的爆炸力。因?yàn)楹私粦?zhàn)產(chǎn)生的致命毒素會(huì)通過風(fēng)、水、土壤和種子傳播到世界每個(gè)角落，傳給尚未出生的世世代代。

今天，我們每年要在武器上花費(fèi)數(shù)十億美元，而這恰恰是為了確保我們永遠(yuǎn)不需要使用武器，這對(duì)于保衛(wèi)和平是必要的。但肯定的是，采購(gòu)這種只會(huì)毀滅不會(huì)創(chuàng)造的閑置軍備不是保障和平的唯一手段，更不是最有效的手段。

因此，我是將和平作為每一個(gè)理性的人所必需的理性終極目標(biāo)來(lái)談?wù)?。我知道追求和平?jīng)]有追求戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)那么引人注目，況且追求和平者之詞常常被當(dāng)成耳旁風(fēng)。但這是我們緊迫無(wú)比的任務(wù)。

有人說(shuō)，談?wù)撌澜绾推?、世界法或世界裁軍毫無(wú)用處，除非蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人采取更為開明的態(tài)度。但愿他們這樣做。我認(rèn)為我們可以幫助他們這樣做。但我還認(rèn)為，我們作為個(gè)人和作為一個(gè)國(guó)家，必須檢討自己的態(tài)度，因?yàn)槲覀兊膽B(tài)度與他們的態(tài)度同樣至關(guān)重要。本校的每位畢業(yè)生，每位對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失望而希望實(shí)現(xiàn)和平的深思熟慮的公民，都應(yīng)當(dāng)從自省做起，都應(yīng)當(dāng)從檢討自己的態(tài)度做起，檢討自己對(duì)和平的可能性、對(duì)蘇聯(lián)、對(duì)冷戰(zhàn)路線以及對(duì)本國(guó)之自由與和平的態(tài)度。

第一，我們要檢討自己對(duì)和平本身的態(tài)度。我們當(dāng)中有很多人認(rèn)為和平是不可能的。很多人認(rèn)為這是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。然而，這是一種危險(xiǎn)的失敗主義觀念。這種觀念得出的結(jié)論是，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不可避免，人類在劫難逃，我們受制于我們無(wú)法控制的力量。

我們并非一定要接受這種觀點(diǎn)。我們的問題是人造成的，因此可以由人來(lái)解決。而人的心有多大，其能力就有多大。涉及人類命運(yùn)的問題無(wú)一超出人類的能力。人的理性和精神經(jīng)常使貌似無(wú)解的問題得到解決，我們相信人的理性和精神可以再次奏效。

我指的不是某些幻想家和狂熱派所夢(mèng)想的那種絕對(duì)的、無(wú)限的和平與親善的概念。我不否認(rèn)希望與夢(mèng)想的價(jià)值，但是，我們?nèi)绻麑⑵渥鳛槲ㄒ坏慕谀繕?biāo)，則只會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣餒和疑慮。

我們要將精力轉(zhuǎn)而投向一種更實(shí)際、更可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的和平，這種和平的實(shí)現(xiàn)不是依靠人類本性的突然巨變，而是依靠人類習(xí)慣的逐漸演化，是依靠符合有關(guān)各方利益的一系列具體行動(dòng)和有效協(xié)定。不存在可實(shí)現(xiàn)這種和平的簡(jiǎn)單的不二之法，也沒有可供一兩個(gè)強(qiáng)國(guó)采納的萬(wàn)全之策或萬(wàn)靈之策。真正的和平必須是多國(guó)合作和多方行動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，必須有動(dòng)態(tài)而非靜態(tài)的變革才能應(yīng)對(duì)一代又一代的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)楹推绞且粋€(gè)過程，是一條解決問題之路。

即使有了這種和平，也依然會(huì)存在爭(zhēng)執(zhí)和利益沖突，正如家庭和國(guó)家內(nèi)部存在爭(zhēng)執(zhí)和利益沖突。世界和平猶如社區(qū)和平，并不要求人人都愛自己的鄰居，而只是要求大家相互包容地同處在一起，將其分歧訴諸于公正而平和的解決方案。歷史告訴我們，國(guó)與國(guó)之仇和人與人之怨一樣，不會(huì)永世長(zhǎng)存。無(wú)論我們的好惡看似多么根深蒂固，國(guó)間關(guān)系與鄰里關(guān)系往往都會(huì)在時(shí)間與事件大潮的沖擊下發(fā)生驚人的變化。所以，我們要堅(jiān)持不懈。和平不一定不切實(shí)際，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不一定不可避免。只要更明確地確定我們的最終目標(biāo)，只要讓我們的最終目標(biāo)看起來(lái)更切實(shí)可行而非那么遙不可及，我們就能夠幫助所有人看清這個(gè)目標(biāo)，讓他們寄希望于這個(gè)目標(biāo)并且義無(wú)反顧地向這個(gè)目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。

第二，我們要檢討自己對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的態(tài)度。如果想到蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人可能確實(shí)相信其宣傳者之言，就會(huì)讓人心灰意冷。如果閱讀蘇聯(lián)官方最近發(fā)表的一篇關(guān)于軍事戰(zhàn)略的文章，也會(huì)讓人心灰意冷，因?yàn)樵撐恼峦ㄆ涑庵翢o(wú)根據(jù)的荒誕主張。例如，該文章聲稱“美國(guó)帝國(guó)主義陣營(yíng)正在籌劃發(fā)動(dòng)各種類型的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)……非?，F(xiàn)實(shí)的威脅是美國(guó)帝國(guó)主義者正在發(fā)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)針對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的先發(fā)制人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)……美國(guó)帝國(guó)主義者的政治目的是用侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的手段在經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治上奴役歐洲及其他資本主義國(guó)家，進(jìn)而統(tǒng)治全世界……。”

誠(chéng)然，如古言云，“惡人雖無(wú)人追趕也逃跑”。

然而，閱讀蘇聯(lián)人的這些陳述，從而看到美蘇之間的鴻溝，不免讓人神傷。但這也是一種警告，警告美國(guó)人民不要像蘇聯(lián)人一樣落入陷阱，不要只看到對(duì)方那種扭曲的激烈觀點(diǎn)，不要以為沖突不可避免而和解不能實(shí)現(xiàn)，不要以為交往只不過是互相威脅。

沒有哪國(guó)政府或哪種社會(huì)制度邪惡到我們必須將其人民看成一無(wú)是處。作為美國(guó)人，我們對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義深惡痛絕，將其看成是對(duì)個(gè)人自由與尊嚴(yán)的否定。但我們?nèi)匀豢梢詾樘K聯(lián)人民在許多方面的成就喝彩，為他們?cè)诳茖W(xué)與太空技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)與工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)、文化以及敢作敢為諸方面所取得的成就喝彩。

在我們兩國(guó)人民的諸多共性當(dāng)中，最顯著的莫過于我們對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的共同憎惡。我們兩國(guó)從未交戰(zhàn)，這在世界各強(qiáng)國(guó)當(dāng)中幾乎當(dāng)屬絕無(wú)僅有。而在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的歷史中，沒有哪個(gè)國(guó)家曾經(jīng)遭受過比蘇聯(lián)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中所遭受的更為深重的苦難——至少有兩千萬(wàn)人失去了生命;數(shù)不盡的家庭和農(nóng)場(chǎng)慘遭焚毀或洗劫;三分之一國(guó)土(包括近三分之二工業(yè)基地)化成了廢墟，其損失相當(dāng)于我國(guó)芝加哥以東的全部國(guó)土遭到毀滅。

今天，假如全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)再次暴發(fā)，無(wú)論是以何種方式暴發(fā)，我們兩國(guó)都將成為首要目標(biāo)。面臨最嚴(yán)重滅頂危險(xiǎn)的恰恰是這兩個(gè)最強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家，這是具有諷刺意味卻又千真萬(wàn)確的事實(shí)。不出24小時(shí)，我們所建造的一切，我們?yōu)橹燎趧谧鞯囊磺卸紩?huì)毀之殆盡。即便是冷戰(zhàn)，也給包括我國(guó)最親密盟國(guó)在內(nèi)的諸多國(guó)家造成負(fù)擔(dān)和危險(xiǎn)，而我們兩國(guó)則承受著最沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，因?yàn)槲覀兌荚跒橹脗湮淦鞫度刖揞~資金，而這些資金本可以用來(lái)抗擊愚昧、貧困和疾病。我們兩國(guó)都陷入了危險(xiǎn)的惡性循環(huán)，在這種循環(huán)中，一方的猜疑招來(lái)對(duì)方的猜疑，而新型武器則招來(lái)新型對(duì)抗性武器。

總而言之，對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)正義的真正和平以及停止軍備競(jìng)賽，美國(guó)及其盟國(guó)與蘇聯(lián)及其盟國(guó)兩方面具有共同的濃厚興趣。就此目的而達(dá)成的協(xié)定符合蘇聯(lián)和我們的利益。我們可以相信，甚至最敵對(duì)的國(guó)家也會(huì)接受和遵守符合其本身利益的條約義務(wù)(僅限于符合其本身利益的條約義務(wù))。

因此，我們既不能對(duì)我們之間的分歧視而不見，也應(yīng)當(dāng)著眼于我們的共同利益以及可以解決這些分歧的方法。而且，我們即便現(xiàn)在不能消除分歧，至少也可以幫助世界在存在多樣性的條件下保持安全。因?yàn)槲覀儺吘苟际蔷幼≡谶@個(gè)小小的星球上，這是我們最基本的共同利益關(guān)系。我們都呼吸著同樣的空氣，都珍視我們子女的未來(lái)，而且我們最終都會(huì)離開這個(gè)世界。

第三，我們要檢討自己對(duì)冷戰(zhàn)的態(tài)度。要記住我們不是在參加一場(chǎng)辯論，因此沒有必要羅列論點(diǎn)。我們不要在這里歸咎于人或指手劃腳地進(jìn)行評(píng)判。我們必須正視現(xiàn)實(shí)的世界，而不要面對(duì)假想改寫過去18年歷史之后的世界。

因此，我們必須不懈地尋求和平，寄希望于共產(chǎn)主義集團(tuán)內(nèi)部的建設(shè)性變革使現(xiàn)在看來(lái)我們力所不及的解決方案變得我們力所能及。我們必須以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞教幚硎聞?wù)，使為實(shí)現(xiàn)真正和平而達(dá)成一致的做法符合共產(chǎn)主義者的利益。最重要的是，核大國(guó)在捍衛(wèi)自己的切身利益時(shí)，必須避免那些逼迫對(duì)方在忍辱退卻與核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之間進(jìn)行抉擇的針鋒相對(duì)的沖突。在核時(shí)代采取這種方針，只能證明我們政策的徹底失敗，或者證明我們希望全世界同歸于盡。

為了確保達(dá)到這些目的，美國(guó)的武器是非挑釁性的，是謹(jǐn)慎控制的，是用于威懾的，并且是可以有選擇使用的。我們的軍隊(duì)旨在維護(hù)和平，具有自我克制的嚴(yán)明紀(jì)律性。我們的外交官受命避免不必要的刺激性言論和純修飾性的敵意言辭。

因此，我們可以在不放松防衛(wèi)的情況下尋求緩和緊張局勢(shì)。而且，對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，我們不需要用威脅手段來(lái)證明我們多么堅(jiān)定。我們不需要因懼怕我們的信仰受到侵蝕而干擾外國(guó)廣播。我們無(wú)意將自己的制度強(qiáng)加于任何不情愿者，但我們樂于并且能夠與世界上任何國(guó)家進(jìn)行和平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

同時(shí)，我們謀求加強(qiáng)聯(lián)合國(guó)，幫助其解決財(cái)政問題，使其成為更有效的和平工具，將其發(fā)展成真正的世界安全系統(tǒng).該系統(tǒng)有能力依據(jù)法律解決爭(zhēng)端，有能力保障大小國(guó)家的安全，并且有能力為最終解除武裝創(chuàng)造條件。

我們同時(shí)謀求維護(hù)非共產(chǎn)主義世界的內(nèi)部和平，這其中許多國(guó)家都是我們的朋友，卻在各種問題上存在分歧，這些問題削弱西方國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié)，招致共產(chǎn)主義者干預(yù)，或者造成爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的危險(xiǎn)。盡管有來(lái)自兩方面的批評(píng)，但我們?cè)谖餍聨變?nèi)亞、剛果、中東和印度次大陸的努力卻始終是矢志不渝和富有耐心。我們?cè)O(shè)法調(diào)整了與最近鄰邦墨西哥和加拿大之間的雖小卻顯著的分歧，以此嘗試為其他國(guó)家樹立榜樣。

說(shuō)到其他國(guó)家，我想闡明一點(diǎn)。我們與許多國(guó)家有聯(lián)盟關(guān)系。這些聯(lián)盟之所以存在，是因?yàn)槲覀冸p方具有大體上相同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。例如，因?yàn)槲覀兙哂泄餐那猩砝?，所以我們保衛(wèi)西歐和西柏林的承諾經(jīng)久不衰。美國(guó)不會(huì)以其他國(guó)家和人民為代價(jià)與蘇聯(lián)做任何交易，不僅因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家是我們的盟友，還因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家的利益與我們的利益相契合。不過，我們利益的契合不僅體現(xiàn)在保衛(wèi)自由世界的前沿陣地，還體現(xiàn)在追求和平之路。

我們的希望和我們相關(guān)政策的目的是促使蘇聯(lián)認(rèn)識(shí)到其本身也應(yīng)當(dāng)讓各國(guó)選擇其自己的未來(lái)，只要這種選擇不妨礙別國(guó)的選擇。共產(chǎn)主義國(guó)家將其政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)制度強(qiáng)加于他國(guó)的企圖是當(dāng)今世界緊張局勢(shì)的主要原因。因?yàn)椋绻袊?guó)家都能避免干涉別國(guó)的自主權(quán)，則和平無(wú)疑會(huì)更有保障。

這就需要我們做出新的努力以實(shí)現(xiàn)世界法，從而為世界性大討論提供新的環(huán)境。這需要蘇聯(lián)與我們之間加深理解，而加深理解則需要加強(qiáng)接觸與溝通。朝此方向發(fā)展的一個(gè)步驟就是在莫斯科與華盛頓之間開通直接對(duì)話線路的建議方案，以避免在危機(jī)時(shí)刻可能發(fā)生一方對(duì)另一方行動(dòng)的危險(xiǎn)延遲、誤解和誤讀。

另外，我們一直在日內(nèi)瓦就其他的一級(jí)軍控措施進(jìn)行談判，以限制軍備競(jìng)賽的緊張度和減少突發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。不過，我們對(duì)內(nèi)瓦談判的首要的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)期盼是全面徹底裁軍，這種裁軍可以分階段實(shí)現(xiàn)，允許在政治上并行發(fā)展，以建立可取代武力的新型和平體系。自20世紀(jì)20年代以來(lái)，美國(guó)政府一直在努力追求裁軍。這也是前三屆政府一直在迫切追求的目標(biāo)。無(wú)論今天看來(lái)前景多么黯淡，我們都要繼續(xù)努力，為了讓包括我國(guó)在內(nèi)的所有國(guó)家能夠更好地把握裁軍方面存在的問題和可能性而繼續(xù)努力。

這些談判的最主要內(nèi)容就是禁止核試驗(yàn)條約，但談判即將結(jié)束，卻仍然沒有一個(gè)迫切需要的新開端。這樣一個(gè)既近在咫尺又遠(yuǎn)在天涯的條約，如果能締結(jié)將遏制最危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)之一的螺旋式軍備競(jìng)賽。該條約將促使核大國(guó)更有效地應(yīng)對(duì)人類在1963年面臨的最大隱患之一，即核武器的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散。該條約將降低爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的可能性，從而提高我們的安全性。此目標(biāo)無(wú)疑非常重要，足以讓我們不懈地追求，要求我們既不屈服于誘惑而放棄全部努力，也不屈服于誘惑而放棄我們采取必要且合理的防衛(wèi)措施的堅(jiān)決主張。

因此，我借此機(jī)會(huì)宣布兩項(xiàng)有關(guān)此方面的重要決定。

第一，赫魯曉夫主席、麥克米倫首相和我已經(jīng)同意近期將在莫斯科舉行高級(jí)別會(huì)談，旨在就全面禁止核試驗(yàn)條約達(dá)成前期一致意見。歷史的告誡必然會(huì)挫傷我們的希望，但是我們的希望寄托著全人類的希望。

第二，為了闡明我們對(duì)禁止核試驗(yàn)問題的誠(chéng)意和嚴(yán)肅信念，我現(xiàn)在聲明，只要其他國(guó)家不提出在大氣層進(jìn)行核試驗(yàn)，美國(guó)就不會(huì)這樣做。我們不會(huì)首先恢復(fù)大氣層核試驗(yàn)。這樣一則聲明并不能替代具有約束力的正式條約，但我希望此聲明可以幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)正式條約。這樣一個(gè)條約也不能替代裁軍，但我希望此條約可以幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)裁軍。

最后，美國(guó)同胞們，我們要檢討自己對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)和平與自由的態(tài)度。我們自己社會(huì)的素質(zhì)與精神必須能夠?yàn)槲覀兊暮Ｍ庑袆?dòng)提供充分依據(jù)與支持。我們必須通過自我獻(xiàn)身來(lái)表明我們的態(tài)度，正如今天畢業(yè)的許多人將有難得的機(jī)會(huì)去奉獻(xiàn)你們的年華，到國(guó)外和平工作隊(duì)或擬建的國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)民服務(wù)隊(duì)去無(wú)償服役。

但無(wú)論在何處，我們都必須在日常生活中厲行“和平與自由同在”這條古老信念。今天，在我們的很多城市，不健全的自由使和平得不到保障。

地方、州和國(guó)家各級(jí)政府行政機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任在其職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)盡一切辦法為全體公民提供和保護(hù)自由。在這種職權(quán)不健全的地方，各級(jí)立法機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任使其健全。而全國(guó)各地的全體公民則有責(zé)任尊重他人權(quán)利和當(dāng)?shù)胤伞?/p>

這一切都與世界和平不無(wú)關(guān)系。圣經(jīng)云：“若人之行使上帝滿意，甚至敵人也會(huì)與之和平相處。”而歸根結(jié)底，和平基本上不就是人權(quán)問題嗎?所謂人權(quán)就是我們不用擔(dān)心慘遭涂炭而平安一生的權(quán)利，就是我們自由呼吸大自然所賜空氣的權(quán)利，就是我們子孫后代健康生存的權(quán)利。

我們?cè)诤葱l(wèi)國(guó)家的利益時(shí)，也要捍衛(wèi)人的利益。而消除戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和武器顯然符合這兩者的利益。任何條約，無(wú)論如何兼顧各方的利益，也無(wú)論措辭多么嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，都不能絕對(duì)杜絕弄虛作假和規(guī)避責(zé)任的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是，如果條約得到充分有效的執(zhí)行并且充分符合各簽約方的利益，那么與經(jīng)久不衰、難以控制和不可預(yù)知的軍備競(jìng)賽相比，條約提供的安全性要高得多而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則小得多。

眾所周知，美國(guó)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)挑起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。我們不需要戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。我們現(xiàn)在不希望發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。這一代美國(guó)人已經(jīng)受夠了太多的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、仇恨和壓迫。

如果別國(guó)想發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)有所準(zhǔn)備。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)提高警惕，設(shè)法制止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但我們也應(yīng)當(dāng)盡自己的責(zé)任去締造一個(gè)弱者安全而強(qiáng)者正義的和平世界。我們面對(duì)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)不是無(wú)可奈何，我們對(duì)成功完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)也不是一無(wú)所望。我們滿懷信心、無(wú)所畏懼地繼續(xù)挺進(jìn)，不是走向毀滅戰(zhàn)略，而是走向和平戰(zhàn)略。